This paper presents a discriminating approach to detecting the existence of underlying determinism in speech phonemes using the surrogate data method. The discrimination is made using a statistical measurement of neighboring trajectory directions. This approach is experimentally verified with both deterministic and stochastic time series and then applied to speech phonemes from the TIMIT databa...

Ethnographic studies in West Africa show that the practice of sending children away to be raised by relatives and nonrelatives is widespread among many ethnic groups. This paper is an attempt to explore the demographic relevance of the practice. The fostering information is obtained from two sources: the responses given by women to the question on children away from home, and by linking all chi...

We introduce a new correlation-based measure of spike timing reliability. Unlike other measures, it does not require the definition of a posteriori "events". It relies on only one parameter, which relates to the timescale of spike timing precision. We test the measure on surrogate data sets with varying amounts of spike time jitter, and missing or additional spikes, and compare it with a widely...

Abstract What are intended parents’ experiences of surrogacy, understandings the law, and views on legal reform, how do these compare with those surrogates? We conducted an online retrospective survey parents who had treatment a gestational surrogate in two clinics between March 2014 October 2021. The 61 respondents ranged age, occupation, household income. Generally, they reported higher incom...

The natural and surrogate key architectures are two competing approaches to specifying keys in relational databases. We analyze the performance of these approaches with respect to the update complexity and the query data and expression complexity. Our results provide new insights into the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches.

BACKGROUND Breast-feeding rates in the UK are known to vary by maternal socio-economic status but the latter function is imperfectly defined. We test if CTVB (Council Tax Valuation Band - a categorical assessment of UK property values and amenities governing local tax levies) of maternal address predicts, in a large UK regional sample of births, (a) breast-feeding (b) personal and socio-economi...

BACKGROUND The association between childhood exposure to lead (Pb) and deficits in cognitive function is well established. The association with prenatal exposure, however, is not well understood, even though the potential adverse effects are equally important. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between low prenatal exposure to lead and IQ in children, to determine whether there were sex d...

This article examines how, for many in rural China, experiences of childhood are entangled within the complex processes rural-to-urban internal migration. Drawing upon multi-generational life history data three villages, it unpacks common types experience. In Village A, where married men migrated but wives stayed behind, children grew up with ‘absent fathers’. B, both parents to cities work, le...

a bstract   background: there are a few studies about commissioning mothers’ understanding from the surrogacy during 9 months of waiting for delivery in iran and other countries. this study was conducted with an aim to explore and explain the nature of concerns (experiences) of commissioning mothers. materials and methods:  a qualitative design with a conventional content analysis approach was ...

Objective: Duplex ultrasonography is a non-invasive, non-expensive screening test for carotid disease. Intima media thickness (IMT) is appropriate for atherosclerosis process diagnosis. Leukoaraisis (LA) increase the risk of cerebrovascular accident (CVA). LA patients need preventive medication for CVA. IMT is a non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic test in LA. The aim of this study was evalua...