at the SPTL conference, Glasgow University 2002. I would like to thank Sara Fovargue for her comments on that draft and the anonymous reviewers of Medical Law Review. 1 See further C. Dyer, ‘Surrogate Mother Refuses to Give Up Baby’ (1997) 314 B.M.J. 250 and D. Kennedy, ‘Minister Hints at Change in the Law’ (1997) The Times, 16 May. 2 M. Brazier, A. Campbell and S. Golombok, Surrogacy: Review f...

This report is of a live piglet derived from an embryo produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and carried to term. In vivo-matured oocytes were injected with in vitro-capacitated spermatozoa and after 40 h of culture, 2 to 4-cell-stage embryos were transferred to the oviducts of oestrus induced gilts 24 h after the expected ovulation time. Pregnancy of the surrogate mothers was maintained...

Transnational surrogacy, when people travel abroad for reproduction with the help of a surrogate mother, is a heavily debated phenomenon. One of the most salient discourses on surrogacy is the one affirming that Westerners, in their quest for having a child, exploit poor women in countries such as India. As surrogacy within the Swedish health care system is not permitted, Swedish commissioning ...

Abstract What are surrogates’ views on their experience with surrogacy, understanding of the law, and legal reform? We conducted an online retrospective survey women who underwent treatment as gestational surrogates in two UK-regulated IVF centres between March 2014 October 2021. Forty-seven responded outlining experiences surrogacy England/Wales context, understandings thoughts potential law r...

in this paper, we have outlined the surrogate management framework for optimization of expensive functions. an initial simple iterative method which we call the “strawman” method illustrates how surrogates can be incorporated into optimization to stand in for the most expensive function. these ideas are made rigorous by incorporating them into the framework of pattern search methods. the smf al...

dibutyl phthalate (dbp) is a phthalic acid ester and is widely used in polymeric products to make them more flexible. dbp is found in almost every plastic material and is believed to be persistent in the environment. various analytical methods have been used to measure dbp in different matrices. considering the ubiquitous nature of dbp, the most important challenge in dbp analyses is the contam...

This short chapter introduces the SURROGATE data type, which is useful when modeling time-varying objects. Surrogates are unique identifiers that can be compared for equality, but the values of which cannot be seen by the users. In this sense, a surrogate is “pure” identity and does not describe a property (i.e., it has no observable value). For this reason, a SURROGATE data type cannot be trea...