INTRODUCTION Hepatitis E is an emerging disease in developed countries with an increasing incidence. In developed countries, HEV genotype 3 prevails as a zoonotic disease carried by wild boars or pigs, which usually causes asymptomatic infection. CASE PRESENTATION An asymptomatic HBsAg carrier was tested regularly at a German university hospital and showed no signs of chronic hepatitis B (CHB...

TYPE: Case Report TOPIC: Chest Infections INTRODUCTION: Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) is a rare congenital malformation of the lower respiratory tract; it consists nonfunctioning mass lung tissue that irrigated by an anomalous systemic artery. The association with Actinomyces superinfection has not been well established. CASE PRESENTATION: We present case 35-year-old woman history recurr...

BACKGROUND Considerable numbers of HIV-1-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) show a relatively rapid disease progression in China; however, the cause remains elusive. HIV-1 dual infection was reported to occur commonly among the MSM population, and its contribution to clinical prognosis remains controversial. We investigated the occurrence and impact on disease progression of dual infectio...

BACKGROUND HIV-1-infected patients can be superinfected with additional HIV-1 variants. Therapy failure can be the consequence of an infection with a resistant strain. METHODS A patient was diagnosed with a recent HIV-1 infection in April 2005 and subsequently clinically monitored. HIV-1 evolution was studied by population sequencing of the first 984 bases of the pol gene as well as 454 ultra...

Premunition in Plasmodium spp. is the prevention of superinfection by novel genotypes entering an already established infection in a vertebrate host. Evidence for premunition was sought for the lizard malaria parasite, P. mexicanum, in its natural host, the fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis. Clonal diversity (= alleles for the haploid parasite) was determined with the use of 3 microsatellit...

UNLABELLED The two human neurotropic alphaherpesviruses varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) both establish latency in sensory ganglia. Human trigeminal ganglia are known to frequently harbor both viruses, and there is evidence to suggest the presence of both VZV and HSV1 DNA in the same neuron. We ask here whether VZV and HSV1 can exclude themselves and each othe...

Tophaceous gout is the systemic deposition of uric acid which can induce cutaneous ulceration. We present case a 55-year-old male with chronic tophaceous whose initial presentation was complicated by septic shock due to methicillin-sensitive Streptococcus aureus bacteremia and superinfection many his affected joints. The discussion will focus on extent infections approaches preventative care.

When pathogen strains differing in virulence compete for hosts, spatial structuring of disease transmission can govern both evolved levels of virulence and patterns in strain coexistence. We develop a spatially detailed model of superinfection, a form of contest competition between pathogen strains; the probability of superinfection depends explicitly on the difference in levels of virulence. W...

An in vitro latency system for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in cultured cells has been developed. Virus replication was suppressed by infection of human foetal lung cells at the supraoptimal temperature of 42 degrees C, and, following transfer of such cell cultures to the normal growth temperature of 37 degrees C, infectious virus was generally undetectable for at least 6 days. HSV-2 was...