Many theories have been proposed to discuss Sufism in terms of its linguistic origins and role spiritual knowledge, concepts ideas, cultural influences. Both Muslim orientalist scholars offered opposing views on the beginnings Sufism. Unfortunately, Western orientalists were first research this topic, their ideas greatly influenced later scholars. This study examines how early British orientali...

Witness to Marvels: Sufism and Literary Imagination, by Tony K. StewartOakland, CA: University of California Press, 2019. xxxi + 300 pp. £31 (pb) open access online. ISBN 9780520306332.

rabiʿa al-aʿdawiyya (717-801 a.d.) the first female sufi in the muslim world, who introduced the concept of ‘love’ into mysticism, was popular for her witticism, sharp reprimands of her contemporary male sufis and her gender-bending practices. in ʿattar’s tadhkirat al-awliya, rabiʿa is portrayed as a challenger of the established gender norms of her day. rabiʿa’s crossing of gender boundaries a...

moghul's invasion of iran led to the spread of insecurity, destruction of civil infrastructure and religious-ideological vacuum caused by the toppling of the kingdom. this not only improved the status of sufism as the center of attention for the common people to avoid the governors' tyranny but also made the faraway areas an ideal place for the cultural elites. given the above, yazd w...