In this study, the enzyme activities and their relationships to domestic wastewater purification are investigated in four different types of subsurface-flow constructed wetlands (CWs), namely the traditional horizontal subsurface-flow, horizontal baffled subsurface-flow, vertical baffled subsurface-flow, and composite baffled subsurface-flow CWs. Results showed that the urease activity in the c...

The paper explores the physically-based modeling of a blast wave impact on surrounding objects. We propose a connected voxel representation of objects to model explosions that result in realistic solid debris, rather than flat polygons. The paper also presents improved fracture algorithms capable of accounting for the damage of multiple explosions. The important implementation issues and the re...

The main objective of the SunFlare project is modelling and understanding the couplings between the sub-surface layers and visible layers of the Sun: the solar photosphere, chromosphere and corona. – The mass density is much larger in the subsurface layers than in the visible layers. The kinetic and magnetic energy densities are also correspondingly large. The motions that occur in these layers...

The U.S. Department of Energy Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is in the early stages of decommissioning and decontamination. During operations, the site drew a large amount of electric power and had multiple large switchyards on site. These are a source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) contamination to both on-site and off-site streams. Some soil remediation has been completed in the main ...

We discuss the optical spectropolarimetry of several core-collapse supernovae, SN 1996cb (Type IIB), SN 1997X (Type Ic), and SN 1998S (Type IIn). The data show polarization evolution of several spectral features at levels from 0.5% to above 4%. The observed line polarization is intrinsic to the supernovae and not of interstellar origin. These data suggest that the the distribution of ejected ma...

Assembling objects from building blocks by means of predefined combination rules leads to combinatorial explosions. Indeed, it does not matter, how many classes of building blocks or alternatives of combination rules are given provided one of both is two or larger, because then the number of possible objects commonly increases exponentially with the number of elements and soon exceeds the reali...

Deposit volume is a critical factor for reconstructing an explosive eruption. Volume estimate models typically used for large Plinian deposits have been adapted and improved repeatedly over the last few decades. Less work has been done to refine a method for estimating the volume from smaller deposits produced by discrete phreatic and phreatomagmatic explosions. The characterization of the volu...

[1] Sulfate aerosols resulting from strong volcanic explosions last for 2–3 years in the lower stratosphere. Therefore it was traditionally believed that volcanic impacts produce mainly short-term, transient climate perturbations. However, the ocean integrates volcanic radiative cooling and responds over a wide range of time scales. The associated processes, especially ocean heat uptake, play a...