Around the world, peasant populations continue their traditional livelihoods in the face of increasingly global economic transformation. In Iran, as elsewhere, agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors and majority of farmers are peasants who still farm small plots of land, usually in marginal environments utilizing traditional and subsistence methods, while their contribution t...

The introduction of stable isotopes in archaeological research beginning in the 1970s produced a revolution in the ways that several key anthropological issues were studied, including early hominin subsistence, hunter-gatherer spatial organisation, origins and history of farming and pastoralist societies, migrations, and intraand inter-group social differentiation. As a tool suited for the quan...

As part of a longitudinal study of migrants who move from a subsistence farming rural society to Nairobi, blood pressures and associated factors were measured in cross sectional studies of members of the Luo tribe in their traditional rural environment and in the urban environment of Nairobi. Blood pressures in Nairobi correlated with duration of urban residence. In the rural area men showed a ...

One of the more intractable problems that archaeobiologists struggle with is how to characterise ancient subsistence systems when the plant and animal remains that we study are incommensurate in so many ways. Three examples from the upper Euphrates and Iran illustrate how changes in plant remains are associated with changes in animal exploitation. Two of them consider the agropastoral continuum...

INTRODUCTION Africa is the centre of origin and still today the major producing area for several cereal crops, notably sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, teff, fonio and African rice. These traditional African cereals are sometimes called “Orphan Crops”, or even “Lost Crops” (National Research Council, 1996). This is despite the fact that they are staple foods for millions of people in the s...

This paper challenges the idea that farmers revert to subsistence farming when confronted with violence from civil war. While there is an emerging macroeconomic consensus that wars are detrimental to development, we find contrasting microeconomic evidence. Using several rounds of (panel) data at the farm and community level, we find that farmers in Burundi who are confronted with civil war viol...

Increasing labor migration and simultaneous aging of societies are two important demographic developments many poor countries face. Elderly people who are left behind may experience a decrease in welfare when their children migrate. This paper investigates the effect of migration on various dimensions of elderly health using unique data from Moldova, which has one of the highest emigration rate...

The paper follows two main objectives: to understand farmers' perception and image of social services and to identify communication levers in order to improve the perceived image of social farming. Orientations in terms of communication are product-focused and aim at enhancing the reputation of social farming consequently with impact on rural development. This paper conducted a questionnaire su...

In the West African Sahel, the majority of the population depends on subsistence farming and livestock breeding and is thus particularly vulnerable to climatic changes. One possible response to natural hazards is migration. Recent research suggests that environmentally induced mobility is closely linked to the social vulnerability and adaptive capacity of individuals and groups. However, only l...

The agrarian crisis engulfing the country is bankrupting the farming communities. The euphoria that began with the green revolution, making India self-sufficient in food grains and increasing the incomes of farmers across the board, was eroded within a matter of decades, so plunging the agrarian economy into deep gloom. Facing low yields, spiraling costs of cultivation, a near stagnant technolo...