The present paper describes how the structure of a particular expression ‘hope’ (e.g., I hope that x vs. My is that/would be x), as well presence or absence an additional modal element would, might, may, could, can, should), can influence speaker subject’s perceived investment in commitment to proposition’s materialization and, consequently, (un)acceptabi...

The meaning of conditional sentences bears an intrinsic relation to a number of central philosophical problems, like the nature of reasoning, the possibility of knowledge, and the status of laws of nature. This has incited philosophers to spend a lot of time working on conditionals and to fill countless bookshelves with inspiring and sophisticated theories on their meaning. However, the overall...

Both Lowe and Tsai have presented their own versions of the theory that both indicative subjunctive conditionals are strict conditionals. We critically discuss we find each version wanting.

Extensive research has shown that second language (L2) learners find it difficult to apply grammatical knowledge during real-time processing, especially when differences exist between the first (L1) and L2. The current study examines extent which British English-speaking of French can their subjunctive whether this ability is modulated by properties L1 grammar, and/or proficiency. Data from an ...

As psychoanalysts we have grown used to thinking of our patient’s problems as rooted in past relationships and attachment patterns. We try focus on the conflictual traumatic events formative years relate them current difficulties that bring into treatment with us. However, where severe or recurrent trauma has led a sense dread hopelessness regard future, also confront death desire complex inter...