In this paper, an advanced histogram-equalization algorithm for contrast enhancement is presented. Histogram equalization is the most popular algorithm for contrast enhancement due to its effectiveness and simplicity. It can be classified into two branches according to the transformation function used: global or local. Global histogram equalization is simple and fast, but its contrast-enhanceme...

Automatic generation of distribution system diagrams is an important aid for the distribution system planner and operator alike for easy visualization of the system. Since a Radial distribution system has a tree structure, what we need to develop is essentially a tree drawing algorithm. In addition,we aim to generate a distribution system graph that is aesthetically pleasing. We define a new se...

A product with a long-life, such as a plant or ship, must be adaptable to future technology changes, regulations, and environmental changes. This paper proposes a design method for a future scenario embedded product to enhance a product’s adaptability to various changes during its lifetime. The design method derives a modular structure between platform modules as constant sub-system and option ...

Image fusion is one of the important branches of data fusion. Its purpose is to combine multi-image information in one scene which is more suitable to human vision or more adapt to further image processing such as target identification. In this paper image fusion algorithm based on wavelet transform is proposed to improve quality of image and meet the needs of applications of vision. Two or mor...

Starving tumors eat metabolic enzyme Xia et al. describe a way to force cancer cells to destroy a key metabolic enzyme they need to survive. Autophagy helps cancer cells survive the stressful environment inside a tumor. However, blocking the process doesn’t kill cancer cells, so researchers have been looking for a way to make cells vulnerable to autophagy shutdown. Xia et al. used an ovarian ca...

The branching of dendrites and axons is a key determinant of neural circuit formation. In this issue of Neuron, Kawabe et al. demonstrate that the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 promotes the branching of developing dendrites by targeting the small G protein Rap2. In a complementary study, Drinjakovic et al. show that Nedd4 promotes the branching of developing axons by ubiquitinating a different target,...

In this paper, we study the Transportation Fleet Maintenance Scheduling Problem (TFMSP) for a Logistic Service Provider (LSP) with many sub-companies (or branches). In the literature, Goyal and Gunasekaran’s [S.K. Goyal, A. Gunasekaran, determining economic maintenance frequency of a transportation fleet, International Journal of Systems Science 23 (4) (1992) 655–659] presented a mathematical m...

Maximization of flow through the network has remained core issue in the field of optimization. In this paper a new advanced network problem is introduced, i.e., a multi-commodity network with a separator. This network consists of several sub-networks linked through a commodity separator. The objective is to maximize the flow of the commodity of interest from the commodity mixture at the output ...

viewer 1 Table 6. Misunderstandings of metaphors or system functionality reported by users in de-briefing interviews. Seven users experienced problems with the thesaurus. Only one user didn’t understand the basic hierarchy model, but she and six others had problems with the hierarchy levels and links between them, unevenness of the tree (some sub-branches had more sub-levels than others), the c...

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages of macro-haplogroup L (excluding the derived L3 branches M and N) represent the majority of the typical sub-Saharan mtDNA variability. In Europe, these mtDNAs account for <1% of the total but, when analyzed at the level of control region, they show no signals of having evolved within the European continent, an observation that is compatible with a recent arriv...