This study investigated the combined effect of neonatal maternal separation and acute psychological stress on pain responses in adult rats. Long-Evans dams and their male pups were reared under two conditions: 1) 180 min daily maternal separation (MS180) on postnatal days 2-14 or 2) no handling or separation (NH). At 2 mo of age, visceromotor responses to graded intensities of phasic colorectal...

Environmental noise is a known stress, which induces alterations of various physiological responses in individuals exposed to it. Stress has been shown to cause changes in the perception of various sensations including pain and stress-induced analgesia has been observed following exposure to a diverse set of stimuli. To examine the algesic behavior of rats exposed to loud environmental noise, f...

Zebrafish have been demonstrated to react consistently to noxious chemical stimuli and present reliable phenotypes of stress, fear, and anxiety. In this article, we describe the modulation of nociceptive-like responses of zebrafish to fear-, stress-, and anxiety-eliciting situations. Animals were exposed to an alarm substance, confinement stress, or a novel environment before being injected wit...

The level of wakefulness is one of the major factors affecting nociception and pain. Stress-induced analgesia supports an animal's survival via prompt defensive responses against predators or competitors. Previous studies have shown the pharmacological effects of orexin peptides on analgesia. However, orexin neurons contain not only orexin but also other co-transmitters such as dynorphin, neuro...

The antistress effects of BR-16A, a polyherbal preparation and its interaction with GABAergic modulators against social isolation-induced stress were investigated in the present study. Isolation stress was induced by keeping the mice (Laca strain) individually in each cage for 3 weeks and various drug treatments were given for a period of 5 days before the start of the experiments. The various ...

background: arthroscopic intervention is very common for conducting orthopedic surgeries. after a knee arthroscopic surgery, different drugs are used through intra-articular administration to induce analgesia. the aim of this study was to evaluate analgesic effects of bupivacaine (marcaine), bupivacaine plus midazolam, and bupivacaine plus fentanyl in reducing pain after knee arthroscopic surge...

BACKGROUND Peripheral tissue injury causes a migration of opioid peptide-containing immune cells to the inflamed site. The subsequent release and action of these peptides on opioid receptors localized on peripheral sensory nerve terminals causes endogenous analgesia. The spinal application of opioid drugs blocks the transmission of nociceptive information from peripheral injury. This study inve...