Subgrid modeling to account for unresolved topography within the context of shallow water equations relies on use coarse grids computational efficiency. However, excessively can lead artificial cross flows between hydrologically disconnected areas separated by physical barriers smaller than grid size. An approach based introducing cell and edge clones, consisting connected groups pixels in each...

Geysers, which involve the explosive release of water through vertical shafts connected to a nearly horizontal pipeline, have been attributed to either pipeline surge or the release of air. Laboratory experiments involving the release of a large entrapped pocket of air through a surcharged vertical riser indicate that the air can force water upward in the shaft but that a jet such as seen in vi...

Hurricane Katrina was historic in magnitude. From ref. 1: “The large size of Katrina throughout its history, combined with the extreme waves generated during its most intense phase, enabled this storm to produce the largest storm surges (reliable observations up to 28 ft) that have ever been observed within the Gulf of Mexico, as determined from analyses of historical records.” The analysis by ...

Sea level, currents, and ice distribution are studied in the Bering Sea during storm events. The ice and ice edge are incorporated into storm surge model. The interaction of wind, ice, and water is expressed by the normal and tangential stresses. A numerical grid is established for the Bering Sea, and a second refined grid is constructed for Norton Sound. Construction of open boundary condition...