s tock returns of companies listed on the stock exchange is one of the most important criteria in assessing the macroeconomic. this study investigates the effect of exchange rate volatility on the stock exchange returns of d8 countries. it takes monthly data during the period (2008:1-2015:6) constituting 90 observations. at first we used panel-garch model to estimate exchange rate volatility in...

A knock-in American option under a trigger clause is an option contract in which the option holder receives an American option conditional on the underlying stock price breaching a certain trigger level (also called barrier level). We present analytic valuation formulas for knock-in American options under the Black-Scholes pricing framework. The price formulas possess different analytic represe...

BACKGROUND To accurately predict the movement of stock prices is always of both academic importance and practical value. So far, a lot of research has been reported to help understand the behavior of stock prices. However, some of the existing theories tend to render us the belief that the time series of stock prices are unpredictable on a long-term timescale. The question arises whether the lo...

An option is a nancial contract whose value depends on that of an underlying asset such as a company stock. The Black-Scholes model for option pricing, published in 1973, revolutionized the nancial industry by introducing a no-arbitrage paradigm for valuing uncertainty and hedging against risk. This simple model assumes that the underlying stock price follows a stochastic Brownian motion proces...

The stock price forecasting has always been considered as a difficult problem in time series prediction. Mass of financial Internet information play an important role in the financial markets, information sentiment is an important indicator reflecting the ideas and emotions of investors and traders. Most of the existing research use the stock's historical price and technical indicators to predi...

The reload provision in an employee stock option entitles its holder to receive one new (reload) option from the employer for each share tendered as payment of strike upon the exercise of the stock option. The number of reloads allowed can be finite or infinite. The shout feature in a call option allows its holder to reset the option’s strike price to the prevailing stock price upon shouting. W...

Many stock exchanges set up certain limits on the maximum variation that a stock is allowed to have in a single day. Table 1 gives an overview of the price limit rules of some of the world exchanges. As reflected in the table, among stock exchanges in 41 countries that we obtain information, 23 of them have price limits and 7 of them have some kinds of circuit breaker rules. The normal assertio...

Stock model is used to describe the evolution of stock price in the form of differential equations. In early years, the stock price was assumed to follow a stochastic differential equation driven by a Brownian motion, and some famous models such as Black-Scholes stock model and Black-Karasinski stock model were widely used. This paper assumes that the stock price follows an uncertain differenti...

Stock loan is different from the traditional loan, it needs to be collateralized by stock. Fairly valuing stock loan is very important for financial market participants. The main contribution of this paper is to give a valuing method of stock loan in uncertain environment. Under the assumption that the underlying stock price follows an uncertain mean-reverting stock model, the price formulas of...

different areas of modern financial tools and processes activities contain the matters like innovations in financial tools engineering and risk management. derivatives and especially stock exchange option is part of this innovation. among all numerical procedures in calculating the value of derivatives and the risk sensitivity parameters of option, binomial models are widely used. in this stud...