Given the vital role that vocabulary plays in learning a language along with the fact that sense-induced emotions are noteworthy due to their influence on cognition, this study examined the impact of emotioncy-based language instruction on the long-term memory (LTM) vocabulary retention of Iranian EFL learners. To this end, 32 participants were selected based on their level of trait/state anxie...

This paper investigates the economic returns to language skills and bilingualism. The analysis is staged in Kazakhstan, a multi-ethnic country with complex ethnic settlement patterns that has switched its official state language from Russian to Kazakh. Using two newly assembled data sets, we find negative returns to speaking Kazakh and a negative effect of bilingualism on earnings while Russian...

This article provides an overview of research in multimodal language processing and associated resources. It defines multimodal processing, describes key challenges, identifies potential benefits, and outlines the major tasks, including multimodal input interpretation, multimodal output generation, and multimodal information access. The article exemplifies the state of the art in multimedia and...