Abstract Somatic embryogenesis is the most common regeneration method for application of new genomic techniques like cisgenesis/intragenesis, genome editing, and RNAi. However, some local important genotypes show recalcitrance to this morphogenetic strategy, which represents an obstacle genetic engineering techniques. Whole flowers, stamens, pistils three different Italian Vitis vinifera L. cul...

the medicinal part of rubia tinctorum is the dried root. the small yellowishgreen flowers are in loose, leafy, long-peduncled terminal or auxiliary cymes. the margin of the calyx is indistinct, 4- to 5-sectioned and has a tip that is curved inward. there are five stamens and an inferior ovary. the fruit is a black, pea-sized glabrous, smooth drupe containing two seeds. the perennial plant grows...

The medicinal part of Rubia tinctorum is the dried root. The small yellowishgreen flowers are in loose, leafy, long-peduncled terminal or auxiliary cymes. The margin of the calyx is indistinct, 4- to 5-sectioned and has a tip that is curved inward. There are five stamens and an inferior ovary. The fruit is a black, pea-sized glabrous, smooth drupe containing two seeds. The perennial pl...

Alstroemeria (Liliales) has two layers of petaloid tepals, in which the often spotted narrow inner tepals can be distinguished easily from the wider outer tepals. In order to explore this floral morphology in Alstroemeria, we investigated the tepal morphology and the expression patterns of three class B genes, whose homologs in eudicots have been shown previously to be involved in petal and sta...

We describe the effects of four recessive homeotic mutations that specifically disrupt the development of flowers in Arabidopsis thaliana. Each of the recessive mutations affects the outcome of organ development, but not the location of organ primordia. Homeotic transformations observed are as follows. In agamous-1, stamens to petals; in apetala2-1, sepals to leaves and petals to staminoid peta...

Sex-dependent thermogenesis during reproductive organ development in the inflorescence is a characteristic feature of some of the protogynous arum species. One such plant, skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius), can produce massive heat during the female stage but not during the subsequent male stage in which the stamen completes development, the anthers dehisce, and pollen is released. Unlike...

DEFICIENS (DEF) and GLOBOSA (GLO) function in petal and stamen organ identity in Antirrhinum and are orthologs of APETALA3 and PISTILLATA in Arabidopsis. These genes are known as B-function genes for their role in the ABC genetic model of floral organ identity. Phylogenetic analyses show that DEF and GLO are closely related paralogs, having originated from a gene duplication event after the sep...

We have characterized the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) MADS box gene TM29 that shared a high amino acid sequence homology to the Arabidopsis SEP1, 2, and 3 (SEPALLATA1, 2, and 3) genes. TM29 showed similar expression profiles to SEP1, with accumulation of mRNA in the primordia of all four whorls of floral organs. In addition, TM29 mRNA was detected in inflorescence and vegetative meri...