Hierarchical learning algorithms have enjoyed tremendous growth in recent years, with many new algorithms being proposed and applied to a wide range of applications. However, despite the apparent success of hierarchical algorithms in practice, the theory of hierarchical architectures remains at an early stage. In this paper we study the theoretical properties of hierarchical algorithms from a m...

this survey is aimed to compare the hierarchical structure of subject directories, including yahoo, the open directory and looksmart with dewey decimal classification (ddc) in 10 selective subjects. five questions are raised to compare the broadness and the depth of the hierarchical structures in the subject directories and ddc and to study the effectiveness of the usage of ddc in the organizat...

A proteomic analysis system (PAS) for prostate Mass Spectrometry (MS) spectra is proposed for differentiating normal from abnormal and benign from malignant cases and for identifying biomarkers related to prostate cancer. PAS comprised two stages, 1/a pre-processing stage, consisting of MS-spectrum smoothing, normalization, iterative peak selection, and peak alignment, and 2/a classification st...

We derive a continuous cost function for hierarchical clustering that is amenable to gradient-based optimization. Our continuous cost function is inspired by a recently proposed, discrete hierarchical cost function [5]. We present an accompanying algorithm that proceeds in two stages. In the first stage, the algorithm learns parametric routing functions at each node in a fixed hierarchy. In the...

Ensuring that the appropriate level of security is available in wireless networks is absolutely essential. To aid in the defense and detection of potential threats, WLANs should employ security solutions that include an anomaly-based intrusion detection system (ADS) that identify wireless network intrusions by gathering and analyzing the data that is available on the system. This paper is to pr...

Motivated by problems in video summarization caused by change in lighting, we develop a new low-dimensional feature video frame feature that is more insensitive to such changes than previous methods. Because we effectively reduce any video to the same lighting conditions, we can produce a universal basis on which to project video frame features. We set out a new multi-stage hierarchical cluster...

This paper proposes a new algorithm called soft partitioning particle swarm optimization (SPPSO), which performs video-based markerless human pose tracking by optimizing a fitness function in a 31-dimensional search space. The fitness function is based on foreground segmentation and edges. SPPSO divides the optimization into two stages that exploit the hierarchical structure of the model. The f...

For the first time, a facile, one-pot water/ethanol solution-phase transformation of Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 precursors into bicomponent CuO hierarchical nanoflowers is demonstrated by a sequential in situ dissolution-precipitation formation mechanism. The first stage produces a precursory crystal (monoclinic Cu2(NO3)(OH)3) that is transformed into monoclinic CuO nanoflowers during the following stage. W...