Macroalgae are considered as primary producers in ecosystem food chain. This study investigated spatial and temporal variation of three species of macroalgae namely, Laurencia caspica (red macroalga) Enteromorpha intestinalis and Cladophora glomerata (green macroalgae) on the hard substrates of the southern Caspian Sea coasts and their relation with environmental factors. Seasonal sampling pref...

Soil respiration (SR) is an important process in the global carbon cycle. It is difficult to estimate SR emission accurately because of its temporal and spatial variability. Primary forest succession on Glacier forehead provides the ideal environment for examining the temporal-spatial variation and controlling factors of SR. However, relevant studies on SR are relatively scarce, and variations,...

Differing environmental conditions can have profound effects on many behaviours in animals, especially where species large geographic ranges. Seasonal changes or progression through life history stages impose differential constraints, leading to behaviours. Furthermore, which show flexibility behaviours, may a higher capacity adapt anthropogenic-induced their environment. The red-throated diver...