The European mink (Mustela lutreola) is one of the most threatened carnivores in Europe, with fragmented populations in Belarus, Russia and Romania, as well in south-western France and northern Spain. Many populations have become extinct recently, or are declining. We investigated mitochondrial DNA variation, using the complete D-loop region, and concentrating on the west European population. T...

References 1. Inspections, compliance, enforcement, and criminal investigations: Novartis International AG 11/18/11 [warning letter]. Silver Spring (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US); 2011 Nov 18 [cited 2012 Sep 20]. Available from: www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm281843.htm 2. Lettre aux clients (15-16 février). Boucherville (QC): Sandoz Canada Inc.; 2012 Feb 15 [ci...

drinking water contaminated by cholera feces. Mettupalaiyam is the south-west terminus of the Madras Railway. It comprises three villages,?Odandurai in the north, Kariyampalayam in the middle, and Chikkadasampalayam in the south. The river Bhavani, which runs through the town from west to east, separates Odandurai from Kariyampalayam. Thus Odandurai lies on the northern bank of the river Bhavan...

Agent-based simulation has long been used to study the dynamics of adoption and diffusion innovations. However, vast majority these works are limited an abstract simplified representation this process, which does not allow explain reasons for change opinion agent. In order go further in explanation changes, we present a generic model based on theory planned behavior formal argumentation. Each a...

BACKGROUND The variation of venom composition with geography is an important aspect of intraspecific variability in the Vipera genus, although causes of this variability remain unclear. The diversity of snake venom is important both for our understanding of venomous snake evolution and for the preparation of relevant antivenoms to treat envenomations. A geographic intraspecific variation in sna...

In 2010, lineage 1 West Nile virus was detected in South Africa in the brain of a pregnant mare that succumbed to neurologic disease and in her aborted fetus, suggesting an association with abortion in horses. All West Nile virus strains previously detected in horses and humans in South Africa were lineage 2.

1 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 872, Paris, France, 2 Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, UMR S 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 16-Immunopathology & Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France, 3 Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, France, 4 Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France, 5 Institut Pasteur, Unité de ...

From January to April 2012, 16 cases of W135 invasive meningococcal infection were reported in France. Of these, eight were linked to a recent travel history to Sub-Saharan Africa. These cases were reported in France concomitantly with the meningitis epidemic season in Sub-Saharan Africa. Considering the high number of travellers between France and West-African countries belonging to the so-cal...

In Africa, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was first detected in northern Nigeria and later also in other regions of the country. Since then, seven other African countries have reported H5N1 infections. This study reports a comparison of full-length genomic sequences of H5N1 isolates from seven chicken farms in Nigeria and chicken and hooded vultures in Burkina Faso with earlier H5...