The four light neutrino scenario, which explains the atmosphere, solar and LSND neutrino experiments, is studied in the framework of singular seesaw mechanism. By taking the Dirac neutrino mass matrix to be also singular, the right-handed neutrino Majorana mass can be at 1014 GeV scale. Abelian flavor symmetry is used to produce the required neutrino mass pattern. Maximal mixings between the νμ...

Image restoration is used to repair solar images degraded by the turbulence in Earth’s atmosphere. Restoration algorithms are based on models of the optical system that produce the images – from the solar source of radiation, through Earth’s atmosphere and telescope/instrument optics, to the detectors recording the data. In this review, these model components are discussed in the context of two...

It is widely accepted that Mars had an atmosphere at least 4 Gyr ago. The processes that led to the loss of the Martian atmosphere are still debated. Solar-wind-induced sputtering, impact erosion, weathering, sequestration into the regolith and polar caps, and photodissociative reactions are the mechanisms believed to be responsible for removing the atmosphere. No one process has been shown to ...

A&G • February 2013 • Vol. 54 1.25 The continuous flow of matter that escapes out of the solar gravitational well is known as the solar wind. As the material flows out of the Sun, it is accelerated to between 400 and 800 km s. Through this continuous flow of material, the Sun loses more than one million tonnes every second. But this is just a tiny fraction, corresponding to 2 × 10 of a solar ma...

A&G • February 2013 • Vol. 54 1.25 The continuous flow of matter that escapes out of the solar gravitational well is known as the solar wind. As the material flows out of the Sun, it is accelerated to between 400 and 800 km s. Through this continuous flow of material, the Sun loses more than one million tonnes every second. But this is just a tiny fraction, corresponding to 2 × 10 of a solar ma...

An analysis of ground-based observations of solar irradiance was recently published in this journal, reporting an apparent increase of solar irradiance on the ground of the order of 1% between solar minima and maxima [1]. Since the corresponding variations in total solar irradiance on top of the atmosphere are accurately determined from satellite observations to be of the order of 0.1% only [2]...

Aeronomy is, by definition, a multidisciplinary science which can be used to study the terrestrial atmosphere, as well as any planetary atmosphere and even the interplanetary space. It was officially recognized in 1954 by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. The major objective of the present paper is to show how aeronomy developed since its infancy. The subject is so large that a...

The first determination of the elemental composition in the photospheric layers of solar magnetic flux tubes is described. Stokes I and V profiles of 13 elements observed in solar active region plage and in the network are analysed. The abundances are obtained for elements with high (C, O) and low (Al, Ca, Cr, Na, Ni, Sc, Si, Ti, Y, Zn) first ionization potential (FIP) in order to investigate t...

The quality of pressure distribution over the atmosphere of the sea level and geopotential altitude at different atmosphere layers affect on many climate and meteorology phenomena of the earth surface. One of the important meteorology phenomenon is the occurrence of frost phenomenon especially late spring frost. In this surrey, occurring late spring frost days and minimum temperature during the...

The solar wind at Mars interacts with the extended atmosphere and small-scale crustal magnetic fields. This interaction shares elements with a variety of solar system bodies, and has direct bearing on studies of the long-term evolution of the Martian atmosphere, the structure of the upper atmosphere, and fundamental plasma processes. The magnetometer (MAG) and electron reflectometer (ER) on Mar...