The knowledge of water flow pathways and residence times in a catchment are essential for predicting the hydrological response to a rain storm event. Different experimental techniques are available to study these processes, which are briefly reviewed in this paper. To illustrate this, recent findings from the Weatherley catchment a 1.5 km 2 semi-arid headwater in South-Africa, are reported in t...

Electrical resistivity is a non-destructive, cost-effective and sensitive method to evaluate soil's physical chemical properties. has been used widely in surface subsurface exploration. The electrical directly related the geotechnical geothermal properties like porosity, temperature, salinity water content. Recently uses of waste material as an additive improve soil engineering are growing beca...

1 Heterogeneity and lack of sufficient site characterization render accurate and reliable predictions of subsurface flow and transport in the vadose zone notoriously elusive. It is now widely recognized that for quantitative descriptions of subsurface phenomena to be scientifically defensible, they have to be accompanied by some measure of predictive uncertainty. In other words, a major goal of...

Information on soil water suction (h) is essential to study flow and solute transport in soils, understand engineering behaviors of unsaturated soils. Due limited availability field methods that can accurately measure h, numerous studies have been performed estimate h from more readily available properties. In this study, a new relationship between electrical resistivity (ρ), developed the Gard...