in iran, new centralization characteristic, especially during pahlavi dynasty, has been convergence and its vast use in bureaucracy. historical sociological studies have consensus on the issues of centralization, power centralization, and political sovereignty in iran; however, these issues have some divisional interruptions and different levels of strength in some parts of the history. this es...

the islamic revolution helped develop a new discourse and semantic system. one of the methods to study or analyze the political phenomena is critical discourse analysis namely, that of laclau and mouffe›s discourse, the most pertinent. this article examines its main question whether the values of the islamic revolution concepts and identity are constructed, spread and articulated according to l...

The role that academic medicine has to play in a medical career has been a hotly debated topic over the last two decades. A number of initiatives have been proposed to increase the number of clinical academics, the quality of research undertaken and to preserve research in a NHS driven by service provision. These initiatives have generated discussion, solved some issues, but left a number of on...

The complex systems approach (CSA) to characterizing cognitive function is purported to underlie a conceptual and methodological revolution by its proponents. I examine one central claim from each of the contributed papers and argue that the provided examples do not justify calls for radical change in how we do cognitive science. Instead, I note how currently available approaches in ''standard'...

During the 19th and early 20th century, public health and genetics shared common ground through similar approaches to health promotion in the population. By the mid-20th century there was a division between public health and genetics, with eugenicists estranged and clinical genetics focused on single gene disorders, usually only relevant to small numbers of people. Now through a common interest...

As the distributed client-server environment grows there is increasing recognition of the need to establish an infrastructure to support it. There is indeed something of a backlash against distributed systems due to the recognition of the true costs of the system administration required. The need for some form of PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY PLANNING FOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS is becoming m...

F or years, clinicians have appreciated that breast cancer is not one disease, but a family of diseases, each with a distinct natural history and response to treatment. Yet, over the past two decades, adjuvant trials have largely enrolled patients on the basis of tumour size and lymph node status, rather than by biologic features. There were relatively few concessions to the biologic heterogene...

INTRODUCTION Epilepsy is common, with a lifetime prevalence of 2–5% of the general population (Goodridge & Shorvon 1983a; Goodridge & Shorvon 1983b, Shorvon 1990) and a point prevalence of between 4 and 8 per 1000 (Hauser et al. 1993). Epilepsy represents a signifi cant fraction of the workload for most neurologists, and indeed, never has specialist input been more necessary as the choice of an...