With increasing economic and social demands, we are rapidly evolving into a 24-h society. In any urban economy, about 20% of the population are required to work outside the regular 0800-1700 h working day and this figure is likely to increase. Although the increase in shiftwork has led to greater flexibility in work schedules, the ability to provide goods and services throughout the day and nig...

studies on the doctor-patient encounter, Robert Veatch defends the role that philosophy and theology have had in bioethical discourse and decision-making since the 1960s. Intermediate positions are developed by Alexander Capron ("socially situated, interdisciplinary medical ethics that seeks to protect professional judgement") and by Stephen Latham and Linda Emanuel, who emphasize that the very...

Indeed, one gets affected by the mood of the time. To me the temptation is to reflect on the broader sweep of events. In the recent past rapid changes have taken place, all over the world. We are witnessing too many violent self-assertions by people, of their ethnic identity in different corners of the world. Powerful economic forces are deciding almost everything in all areas of human existenc...

précis this debate article highlights the challenges of health situation in iran and some influencing or relevant factors such as health sector, welfare system and social protection, social exclusion and civil society from the viewpoint of an international partner. some advanced experiences in iranian health system and the manner of system for international cooperation have also been discussed.

Abstract Drug health surveillance protects the of population by preventing substandard, falsified, or unregistered drugs from being consumed and causing harm. This essay discusses drug in a context continuous exposure individuals to risks that directly interfere with health-disease process. Based on reflections about risk society, associated Canguilhem’s philosophy life Schwartz’s ergology, it ...