Two genes were identified in rainbow trout that display high sequence identity to vertebrate Lck. Both of the trout Lck transcripts are associated with lymphoid tissues and were found to be highly expressed in IgM-negative lymphocytes. In vitro analysis of trout lymphocytes indicates that trout Lck mRNA is up-regulated by T-cell mitogens, supporting an evolutionarily conserved function for Lck ...

LIMITED EXTRAPOLATION: If we possess the evidence that it has snows in Moscow every year for at least one thousand consecutive years, and if we possess no contrary evidence suggesting a change in the Russian climate, and if, as a matter of fact, it Snows in Moscow the next year not belonging to this set, then we are in a position to know that it snows in Moscow the next year. That is, if, on th...

Snow density is a fundamental physical property of snowpacks used in many aspects of snow research. As an integral component in the remote sensing of snow water equivalent and parameterisation of snow models, snow density may be used to describe many important features of snowpack behaviour. The present study draws on a significant dataset of snow density and climate observations from the Unite...

Snowpack evolution and glacier ice surface temperatures were studied on the Indren glacier (Northwestern Alps, Italy) under different meteorological conditions: in winter 2002–2003, rich in snow from the beginning of the season, and in winter 2005– 2006, poor in snow until February. Periodical snow profiles were made to measure the physical properties of snow, while data loggers measured the sn...

Snow on Antarctic sea ice plays a key role for sea ice physical processes and complicates retrieval of sea ice thickness using altimetry. Current methods of snow depth retrieval are based on satellite microwave radiometry, which perform best for dry, homogeneous snow packs on level sea ice. We introduce an alternative approach based on in-situ measurements of total (sea ice plus snow) freeboard...

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to 1.5 and 15% v/v secondary treated sewage effluent for 32 weeks in flow-through mesocosms. The exposure encompassed the full period of reproductive development for rainbow trout. Trout did not show any evidence of a dose-dependent change in growth. Fish exposed to 15% effluent were the only group to show mortality (5%) over the duration of the ...

[1] ‏ahmad, s. and simonovic, s.p. (2005). an artificial neural network model for generating hydrograph from hydrometeorological parameters, j. hydrol, 315, 236-251. [2] agarwal, a., mishra, s.k., ram, s. and singh, j.k. (2006). simulation of runoff and sediment yield using artificial neural networks, biosys. eng, 94(4), 597-613. [3] amini, m., abbaspour, k.c., khademi, h., fathianpour, n., afy...

abstract this study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of the amino acid lysine on growth performance, feed efficiency and body composition of juvenile snow trout (schizothorax zarudnyi). for this purpose, 150 fish with average weight 22.51±0.28 g fed with five levels of dietary amino acid lysine including 0 (control), 7, 12, 17 and 22 g/kg diet, for 8 weeks. fish fed two time...

Reliable fish condition estimates help managers better understand ecosystem population dynamics. Therefore, our study objectives were to measure seasonal changes in percent dry weight and energy density (physiological-based measures of condition) of stream-dwelling Appalachian Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, field-validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) models, and compare reliabilit...

High-resolution snow distributions are essential for studying cold regions. However, the temporal and spatial resolutions of current remote sensing snow maps remain limited. Remotely sensed snow cover fraction (SCF) data only provide quantitative descriptions of snow area proportions and do not provide information on subgrid-scale snow locations. We present a downscaling method based on simulat...