Cycling confers health and environmental benefits, but few robust studies have evaluated large-scale programmes to promote cycling. In England, recent years have seen substantial, town-wide cycling initiatives in six Cycling Demonstration Towns (funded 2005-2011) and 12 Cycling Cities and Towns (funded 2008-2011). The initiatives involved mixtures of capital investment (e.g. cycle lanes) and re...

as the urban population increases in major cities of iran, many of them face different issues. in iran, new towns are built and located near cities to absorb their overflow population. golbahar new town was built near mashhad metropolis to reduce demographic, economic, social and physical problems of mashhad, but in practice considering its goals, the town has not been able to reduce the proble...

Introduction Modern Europe has rural roots, even today, as much as 90 per cent of Europe (EU25) consists of rural areas in which half of the population lives. The different challenges that rural areas face range from restructuring the agricultural sector, remoteness, poor service provision and depopulation to population influx and pressure on the natural environment, particularly in the rural a...

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This study examines urban-rural differences in end-of-life (EOL) quality of care provided to nursing home (NH) residents. DATA AND METHODS We constructed 3 risk-adjusted EOL quality measures (QMs) for long-term decedent residents: in-hospital death, hospice referral before death, and presence of severe pain. We used CY2005-2007 100% Minimum Data Set, Medicare beneficiary ...