In order to deploy a lot of 5G base stations, there is method installing them on utility poles and building walls. this paper, antennas installed for stations are investigated numerically experimentally. We examine the minimum ground plane size remove influence concrete embedded reinforced bars. also verify effects input characteristics radiation pattern by measurement.

Abstract In this paper two distinct methodologies in achieving miniaturized antennas for wireless applications are described. One method is based on defining novel topology of radiating elements that can easily be incorporated into monolithic circuits and the other method is based on embedding radiating structures within novel electromagnetic materials. Examples of extremely small planar antenn...

Increasingly stringent design constraints imposed by compact wireless devices for telecommunications, defense, and aerospace systems require the miniaturization of antennas. Unlike most electronic components, which benefi t from decreased size, antennas suffer limitations in gain, effi ciency, system range, and bandwidth when their size is reduced below a quarter-wavelength. The electrical size...

The possibilities for tunable electrically small antennas are explored and analyzed. Although experimental determinations were made of impedance characteristics from 30 to 220 MHz, the objective was to study the possibility of tuning and bandwidth control for antennas in the range 30 to 100 MHz. A considerable part of the discussion is devoted to acceptable circidt representations or models for...

The microstrip antennas have been one of the most innovative fields of antenna techniques for the last three decades. Microstrip antennas have several advantages such as lightweight, smallvolume, and that they can be made conformal to the host surface. In addition, these antennas are manufactured using printed-circuit technology, so that mass production can be achieved at a low cost. Microstrip...

Several diversity techniques employing multiple antennas in the base station have been developed for mobile communication systems. However, the performance of diversity methods strongly depends on the correlation between antenna elements. When multiple co-polarized antennas are used in base station, the practical factor limiting the number of diversity branches is the required antenna separatio...

Implanted antennas are widely used in hyperthermia and biomedical applications. The antenna needs to be extremely small while maintaining a permissible Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and being able to cope with the detuning effects due to the dielectric properties of human body tissues. Most of the proposed antennas for implanted applications are electric field antennas such as Planner Inverted...

─ Normal mode helical antennas are widely used for RFID and mobile communications applications due to their relatively small size and omni-directional radiation pattern. However, their highly curved geometry can make the design and analysis of helical antennas that are part of larger complex structures quite difficult. A simplified model is proposed that replaces the curved helix with straight ...

We investigate the power-efficient broadcast routing problem using directional antennas. Our main interest is in the case when antenna beamwidth becomes very small. We consider asymptotic convergence properties of previously known broadcast routing algorithms and compare them with asymptotically optimal structures. Algorithms and techniques to reduce total transmit power using directional anten...