Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are master regulators of organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. In this study, we used different combinations of FGF receptor (FGFR)-deficient mice to unravel their functions in the skin. Loss of the IIIb splice variants of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in keratinocytes caused progressive loss of skin appendages, cutaneous inflammation, keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and aca...

The skin is a complex stratifi ed organ which acts not only as a permeability barrier and defense against external agents, but also has essential thermoregulatory, sensory and metabolic functions. Due to its high versatility and activity, the skin undergoes continuous selfrenewal to repair damaged tissue and replace old cells. Consequently, the skin is a reservoir for adult stem cells of diff e...

The newly discovered endocannabinoid system (ECS; comprising the endogenous lipid mediators endocannabinoids present in virtually all tissues, their G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, biosynthetic pathways and metabolizing enzymes) has been implicated in multiple regulatory functions both in health and disease. Recent studies have intriguingly suggested the existence of a functional ECS i...

Introduction Pseudotail is uncommon congenital malformation of the spine, it contains bone, cartilage, notochord and elements of spinal cord. Usually presented as protrusion of the coccygeal vertebra. It may come as solo deformity or in association of tethered cord, myelomeningoceol and other spine deformity, can be part of syndrome, never been reported. It’s different from true tail, which usu...

T he largest organ in the body, the skin provides protection against environmental insults and dehydration, and is an important gateway for sensory input. In addition to forming an environmental barrier, the skin has evolved to produce an amazing variety of appendages, including scales, feathers, hair follicles, sweat glands, and mammary glands (Figure 1). These organs arise from embryonic skin...

The skin is the main interface between individual and environment. It therefore has essential physiological functions which allow to live safely, even under changing external conditions might pose potential threats. most important function of protection against various forms noxious stimuli including physical chemical trauma, micro-organisms radiation. its appendages such as hair are also vital...

With chemotherapy being the major modality of treatment, cutaneous and systemic side effects have been a concern for not only patients, but also treating clinicians. Because target cancer cells, other rapidly proliferating skin appendages like hair nails are most commonly affected. : To study adverse events associated with used drugs. 120 patients clinically diagnosed who underwent satisfied in...

Hard skin appendages in amniotes comprise scales, feathers and hairs. The cell organization of these appendages probably derived from the localization of specialized areas of dermal-epidermal interaction in the integument. The horny scales and the other derivatives were formed from large areas of dermal-epidermal interaction. The evolution of these skin appendages was characterized by the produ...

Keratin genes afford, given their large number (>50) and differential regulation, a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying specification and differentiation in epithelia of higher metazoans. Moreover, the small size and regulation in cis of many keratin genes enable the use of their regulatory sequence to achieve targeted gene expression in mice. Here we show that 2 kilobases of ...