Patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)+ breast cancer are eligible for trastuzumab treatment; therefore, accurate assessment of HER2 status is essential. Until recently, only 2 methods were validated for determining the HER2 status of breast tumors in the routine diagnostic setting: immunohistochemical analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Recently, brig...

O ur ability to develop advanced bioprocess control and optimization strategies is directly linked to the availability of relevant in situ sensors or real-time analytical instrumentation and, as such, was identified as a research funding priority by the National Science and Technology Council in 1995 (131). Demand for rapid monitoring techniques is being driven by • a need to build better proce...

We provide a brief overview of the first techniques for direct, real-time observation of mechanochemical reactions by milling. Whereas mechanisms and kinetics of solid-state reactions induced by temperature or pressure have been extensively investigated, transformations of materials under continuous impact in a milling assembly remain largely unexplored and based on ex situ studies. The recent ...

The common procedure for detecting potentially malignant (PMOL) or malignant oral lesions consists of visual inspection, followed by biopsy of any suspicious lesions found. However, the processing of biopsy material and the interpretation of the results inevitably leads to diagnostic delay and the added possibility of taking an unrepresentative sample. Therefore, techniques that can distinguish...

Background: Periprosthetic hip infections (PHIs) are troublesome complications of hip arthroplasties. The gold standard procedure for treating chronic PHI is a 2-stage approach. Recently, however, more conservative approaches have been developed to spare the osseointegrated components and avoid sequestra, bone loss, devascularization, and difficult reconstructions. The partial ...

INTRODUCTION There is observed increase in detection rate of upper urinary tract urothelial cancer worldwide. This is a result of improved imaging as well as implementation of novel technologies of direct visualization of upper urinary tract. Standard techniques still remain insufficient to diagnose flat urothelial lesions. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by flat disordered proliferation of ...

We compared prediction of in vivo dry matter (DMD) and neutral detergent fiber (aNDFD) digestibility by the following techniques: (1) Tilley and Terry two-stage in vitro (conventional in vitro or IVDMD), (2) DaisyII in vitro (DaisyII), and (3) filter bag in situ preceded by 48 h acid–pepsin treatment. In addition, we also evaluated the effects due to sample size (0.25 g versus 0.50 g) and Wiley...

Due to increasing demand for medicinal and horticultural uses, the Orchidaceae is in urgent need of innovative and novel propagation techniques that address both market demand and conservation. Traditionally, restoration techniques have been centered on ex situ asymbiotic or symbiotic seed germination techniques that are not cost-effective, have limited genetic potential and often result in low...