Abstract While total internal reflection (TIR) lays the foundation for many important applications, foremost fibre optics that revolutionised information technologies, it is undesirable in some other applications such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which are a backbone energy-efficient light sources. In case of LEDs, TIR prevents photons from escaping constituent high-index materials. Advance...

Single and sequential extractions are current useful tools for estimating the availability of metals in soils or sediments. Many chemical extraction procedures have been proposed literature, making comparison difficult. This study compares data consistency potential given by four commonly found literature: two single (using dilute HCl EDTA as reactant) (the modified standardized 3-steps procedu...