This case report details an association of the use of over-the-counter sexual enhancement supplements with atypical optic neuropathy. A 42-year-old man presented with right-sided headache and vision loss of the right eye, which deteriorated to a single quadrant of hand motion over 11 days. Serial orbital magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated progressive orbital optic nerve enhancement e...

In 1950, Frieden and Hisaw (2) described a method for the isolation of relaxin from the ovaries of pregnant sows. This method, which involved extraction of ground whole ovaries with 5 per cent aqueous SaCl, fractionation with ethanol, and finally precipitation with acetone, afforded good yields (200 to 250 GPU’ of relaxin per gm. of fresh tissue), and material of saCsfactory potency (30 to 90 G...

Sex steroid hormones play important physiological roles in reproductive and nonreproductive tissues, including immune cells. These hormones exert their functions by binding to either specific intracellular receptors that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors or membrane receptors that stimulate several signal transduction pathways. The elevated susceptibility of males to bacterial infec...

congenital adrenal hyperplasia comprises a group of disorders resulting from defects in enzymes required for the synthesis of cortisol. the clinical presentation depends on the specific enzyme defect. we report a rare case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. a 26-year-old female patient referred with hypertension and hypokalemia. she also had primary amenor...

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin abundantly expressed in several areas of the central nervous system (CNS) and is known to induce a lasting potentiation of synaptic efficacy, to enhance specific learning and memory processes. BDNF is one of the key molecules modulating brain plasticity and it affects cognitive deficit associated with aging and neurodegenerative disease...

Two important functions of testis are production of spermatozoa and synthesis of steroids. These functions depend on anatomical, hormonal and constitutional homeostasis and begin during the first stage of gestation. Cryptorchidism can be defined as an abnormal localization of one or both testes. It’s the failure of one or both testes descent into the scrotal sac. The third trimester in humans i...

© 2012 TERRAPUB, Tokyo. All rights reserved. doi:10.5047/absm.2012.00502.0029 and Kobayashi 2010). Most of the non-migratory forms will live continuously in their natal rivers throughout their lives (Fig. 1). Regardless of these life history types, most salmonids will spawn in freshwater environments, mainly in their natal rivers (Fig. 1) (Quinn 2005). From these phenomena, salmonids are consid...