We examine how cultural background, inferred from a manager’s ethnicity, affects managers’ communication with investors. Using a sample of earnings conference calls transcripts with 26,430 executives from 42 countries, we find that managers from ethnic groups that have a more individualistic culture (i) use a more optimistic tone, (ii) exhibit greater self-reference, and (iii) make fewer apolog...

In Dung’s argumentation system, acceptable sets of arguments are defined as sets of arguments that attack all their attackers, and that do not contain any direct contradiction. However, in many applications, the presence of indirect contradictions should prevent a set from being acceptable. The family of prudent semantics has been proposed as an answer to this problem. We are interested in this...

search.) If there are no articles within the AC intersection, an intriguing question arises as to whether there might exist implicit or indirect connections between A and C based, for example, on an intermediate literature (B) for which both an AB relationship and a BC relationship have already been separately reported, but perhaps not considered together. It is usually pointless or at least in...

— ICT is known to have three orders of impact: direct, indirect and systemic. The first is often regarded as 'part of the problem', the latter two can also be 'part of the solution' to reduce the global environmental impact of human activities. A number of studies show that the impact of ICT itself is roughly 2%, whereas smart use of ICT can reduce the impact of other sectors by up to 16%. Howe...

Three experiments demonstrated that the use and effectiveness of self-presentation strategies are affected by time. In Experiment 1, participants used more indirect self-presentation statements for the distant than near future, but used more direct self-presentation statements for the near than distant future. In Experiment 2, participants for whom indirect self-presentation strategies were mad...

This study examines how Japanese students perceive the qualities of written arguments that were constructed to have different forms. Based on the theoretical dimensions of verbal communication styles that Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey proposed, the research questions asked whether the respondents would perceive direct arguments to be of higher quality than indirect arguments. They also asked whethe...

Indirect evidence is crucial for successful statistical practice. Sometimes, however, it is better used informally. Future efforts should be directed toward understanding better the connection between statistical methods and scientific problems.

By terms-allowed-in-types capacity, the Logic of Proofs LP includes formulas of the form t : φ(t), which have self-referential meanings. In this paper, “prehistoric phenomena” in a Gentzen-style formulation of modal logic S4 are defined. A special phenomenon, i.e., “left prehistoric loop”, is then shown to be necessary for self-referentiality in S4-LP realization.

The language of justification logic makes it possible to define what it means for knowledge/belief described by an epistemic modality to be self-referential. Building on an earlier result that S4 and its justification counterpart LP describe knowledge that is self-referential, we show that the same is true for K4, D4, and T with their justification counterparts, whereas for K and D self-referen...

One purported means for reducing the social desirability inherent in stated purchase intentions is indirect questioning, whereby the respondent is asked to comment about the probable buying behavior of another abstract individual. The contention is that respondents will project their own predilections unto the other person, thereby allowing for a more valid expression of their own purchase inte...