In many animal societies, subordinates exhibit down-regulated reproductive endocrine axes relative to those of dominants, but whether this 'physiological suppression' arises from active interference by dominants or subordinate self-restraint is a matter of debate. Here we investigate the roles that these processes play in precipitating physiological suppression among subordinate female meerkats...

The article by Dr. Michael S. Pollanen and colleagues in this issue (page 1603) on the unexpected death of young adults in association with restraint is the latest contribution to a discussion that began in the early 1980s on the risk of death associated with physical restraint. In health care institutions, the use of restraints for elderly patients is well recognized as a potentially dangerous...

We consider a Palatini variation on a general N -Dimensional second order, torsionfree dilaton gravity action and determine the resulting equations of motion. Consistency is checked by considering the restraint imposed due to invariance of the matter action under simple coordinate transformations, and the special case of N = 2 is examined. We also examine a sub-class of theories whereby a Palat...

Retrotransposons, mainly LINEs, SINEs, and endogenous retroviruses, make up roughly 40% of the mammalian genome and have played an important role in genome evolution. Their prevalence in genomes reflects a delicate balance between their further expansion and the restraint imposed by the host. In any human genome only a small number of LINE1s (L1s) are active, moving their own and SINE sequences...

Self-restraint stress produced in early age is a matter of interest associated with cracking concrete. Mesoscopic modelling nowadays one the effective approaches to investigate internal stresses, deformation, damage concrete at much smaller scale. However, grid discretization and mesoscopic properties calibration are still challenging issues that prevent fast pre-processing require extremely de...

• Objective: To compare the frequency of injury to clients and staff with use of 2 restraint systems. • Design: Retrospective database review. • Setting and participants: Youth admitted under both voluntary and involuntary commitments to residential behavioral and mental health programs in Pennsylvania and New York and staff from these institutions. • Methods: Restraint events that occurred dur...