BACKGROUND One of the key elements for introducing a problem-based learning (PBL) programme is constructing good PBL cases. Good cases should reflect the educational principles of PBL including (a) integration of basic and clinical sciences together with professionalism and psychosocial components, (b) encouragement of discussion of cognitive domains such as identification of problems, generati...

Extensive research has linked a greater female tendency to ruminate about depressed feelings or mood to the gender difference in depression. However, the developmental origins of the gender difference in depressive rumination are not well understood. We hypothesized that girls and women may be more likely to ruminate because rumination represents a gender-stereotyped coping style that is associ...

BACKGROUND Despite the physical and mental health benefits, few adults meet US Department of Health and Human Services physical activity guidelines for exercise frequency, intensity, and duration. One strategy that may increase physical activity duration is exercising with an Internet partner (ie, someone who is virtually present, as in video chat). Internet partners help people overcome many b...

OBJECTIVE We examined modifiable facilitation strategies (exposures) during high school that are associated with motiva- tion for minority youth pursuit of health science. METHODS A sample (N = 116) of minority (73% African-American/Black, 21% Hispanic/Latino) 12th graders from 6 high schools in a lower socioeconomic area bordering Washington, DC completed a self-administered survey. Path mod...

Dedication Every challenging work needs self-effort as well as guidance of elders especially those who were every close to our heart. My humble effort I dedicated to my sweet and loving Father & Mother, And my beloved brothers and sisters, Who are affection, loving, and encouragement me, to make me able to get such success and honor. ii Acknowledgment I would like to express my special thanks a...

Both sketching and self-explanation are widely believed to be effective for problem-solving in science learning. However, it is unclear which aspects of these strategies promote learning how they might interact. Compared a read-only baseline, we examined the impact instructing 11-year-old students solve problems sketch, self-explain, or both. Problems were either high spatial low spatial. We co...