After a half-century of development, the physician assistant (PA) movement is robust, dynamic, and has moved onto the world stage in ways its creators never imagined.1 One of the recurring topics discussed by PAs, nurse practitioners (NPs), and physicians is the autonomy of PAs and advanced practice registered nurses. A historical connection with organized medicine endeared the PA to physicians...

Since the first successful sub-coronary insertion (Ross 1962), the homograft aortic valve has been the favourite amongst many rypes of mechanicai or biological cardiac vaive repiacements ar the National Heart Hospital. Recent srudies on long rerm patient survivai afrer homograft insertion have reveaied excelient results (Bodnar er ai 1979), surpassed oniy by the autotranspianted puimonary valve...

Recently, the observed equation of state for dark energy appears to favor values below $\ensuremath{-}1$. The tendency implies that nature may be quite different from cosmological constant. In view adjustment on keeps decreasing, introduction phantom seems inevitable. By employing observational constraints supernovae and acoustic scale in which accuracy data has become extraordinary, we apply a...