this paper demonstrates a method to how reserve capacity and cost allocation could be determined in a pool-based and disaggregated market model. the method considers both the spinning reserve and interruptible loads as the operating reserve services. in the proposed market, generators and consumers (including participation of interruptible loads) submit offers and bids to the independent system...

Community-managed reserves (CMRs) comprise the fastest-growing category of protected areas throughout the tropics. CMRs represent a compromise between advocates of nature conservation and advocates of human development. We ask whether CMRs succeed in achieving the goals of either. A fixed reserve area can produce only a finite resource supply, whereas human populations exploiting them tend to e...

Seasonality, amplitude, and magnitude of spawning events were determined for Argopecten purpuratus in the La Rinconada marine reserve, Antofagasta, Chile, between December 1995 and January 2004. During the same period, samples of scallop larvae were obtained in vertical plankton hauls recovered within this reserve in an area routinely exposed to circular, gyre-like currents which helped retain ...

Mast seeding involves the episodic and synchronous production of large seed crops by perennial plants. The predator satiation hypothesis proposes that mast seeding maximizes seed escape because seed predators consume a decreasing proportion of available seeds with increasing seed production. However, the seed escape benefits of masting depend not only on whether predators are satiated at high l...

Anthropogenic disturbances affecting tropical forest reserves have been documented, but their ecological long-term cumulative effects are poorly understood. Habitat fragmentation and defaunation are two major anthropogenic threats to the integrity of tropical reserves. Based on a long-term (four decades) study, we document how these disturbances synergistically disrupt ecological processes and ...

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects application glyphosate herbicide on seed reserve mobilization and seedling morphology genetically modified soybean. Two herbicide-tolerant (TMG 1264RR P98Y11) two herbicide-sensitive (Emgopa 315 UFUS 7415) cultivars were selected for study subjected germination, length, tests after treatments with solutions at concentrations 0.00, ...

The western Ordos Plateau is a key area of shrub diversity and a National Nature Reserve of endangered shrub species in north-west China. Desert expansion is becoming the most important threat to these endangered species. However, little is known about the effects of sand burial on the dynamics of the shrub community. This study aims to investigate how the shrubs as a community and as different...

Sucrose (a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose) is the primary carbon source transported to sink organs in many plants. Since fructose accounts for half of the hexoses used for metabolism in sink tissues, plant fructokinases (FRKs), the main fructose-phosphorylating enzymes, are likely to play a central role in plant development. However, to date, their specific functions have been the su...

Seed filling is a dynamic, temporally regulated phase of seed development that determines the composition of storage reserves in mature seeds. Although the metabolic pathways responsible for storage reserve synthesis such as carbohydrates, oils, and proteins are known, little is known about their regulation. Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous form of regulation that influences many aspects...

Human provisioning of wildlife with food is a widespread global practice that occurs in multiple socio-cultural circumstances. Provisioning may indirectly alter ecosystem functioning through changes in the eco-ethology of animals, but few studies have quantified this aspect. Provisioning of primates by humans is known to impact their activity budgets, diets and ranging patterns. Primates are al...