This essay probes tensions between our professional practices and the quality of our professional output in the field of international studies. We organize ourselves into academic ‘‘sects’’ that engage in selfaffirming research and then wage theological debates between academic religions. This occurs at both the level of theory and epistemology. Unfortunately, this academic sectarianism produce...

Abstract I will argue for a novel variant of the knowledge norm practical reasoning. In Sect. 2, look at current variations reasoning and provide reasons to doubt these proposals. Sects. 3 4, develop my own proposal according which is apt Section 5 considers objections. Finally, 6 concerns normativity proposed its significance.

The strength of strict churches is neither a historical coincidence nor a statistical artifact. Strictness makes organizations stronger and more attractive because it reduces free riding. It screens out members who lack commitment and stimulates participation among those who remain. Rational choice theory thus explains the success of sects, cults, and conservative denominations without recourse...

India is said to be a socio-linguistic giant and the nerve system of this giant is multilingualism. “Indian multilingualism is huge in size, having 1620 mother tongues reduced to 200 languages.... With the population of many of minorities larger than European countries”(Annamalai E. 2001) . This multilingual character of India is represented by Mumbai City, the industrial capital of India, wher...

Saltuknāme is an epic style work that tells about the life and wars of Sarı Saltık , who lived in 13th century played important role Turkification Islamization Anatolia Balkans. In work, many subjects are discussed from conquests to general characteristics societies, religious-moral issues, mythology historical facts. a wandering dervish stands out with his personality environments he in, direc...