What is the Problem of Universals? In this paper we take up the classic question and proceed as follows. In Sect. 1 we consider three problem solving settings and define the notion of problem solving accordingly. Basically I say that to solve problems is to eliminate undesirable, unspecified, or apparently incoherent scenarios. In Sect. 2 we apply the general observations from Sect. 1 to the Pr...

To determine the taxonomic identities and the systematic positions of some collections of Lindsaea sect. Synaphlebium (Lindsaeaceae) from Papua New Guinea, we conducted morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses on the whole section. A total of 22 morphological characters were selected and coded for each of all known taxa in L. sect. Synaphlebium, and were analyzed using maximum parsim...

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which is also known as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is widely studied for its ability to accumulate the diterpene quinone Tanshinones. In addition to producing a variety of diterpene quinone, S. miltiorrhiza Bunge also accumulates sterol, brassinosteroid and triterpenoids. During their biosynthesis, squalene synthase (SQS, EC 2.5.1.21) converts two molecules...

Due to a processing error the last paragraph of Sect. 3.1 on p. 358 was printed with an error. In addition, in Sect. 5.2 on pp. 365–366 the presentation of the Example was processed incorrectly. The second paragraph of Sect. 5.2 (two lines) must be removed and the last sentence in the same section must be replaced with ‘Nevertheless, even though σ0 maximizes in C1, it does not maximize in C2 (n...

We seek foundations for a possible theory of domain descriptions. Sect. 2 informally outlines what we mean by a domain. Sect. 3 informally outlines the entities whose description form a description of a domain. Sect. 4 then suggests one way of formalising such description parts1. There are other ways of formally describing The exemplified description approach is model-oriented, specifically the...

Description Logics [1] are logical formalisms for representing information about classes and objects. They are very often used as the basis of knowledge representation systems and have been used recently to develop OWL semantic web language, which can be viewed as an expressive Description Logic. There is an impressive variety of Description Logics with diverse expressiveness and complexity, or...

The effect of (a huge number of) pumping holes on beam dynamics and stability, described in terms of coupling impedances, is a fundamental issue and has been carefully investigated, both theoretically [1] and experimentally [2]. With the exception of a few very simple pipe geometris, for which the modal expansion of the electromagnetic field is available, beam coupling impedances can be only co...