like other religions, there are various currents in imami shiite in the first centuries. this article, relying on discourse analysis and by concentrating on oppositions, attempts to identify the internal shiite currents in iraq and iran in the second and third centuries. according to historical evidences, the opposition between school of hisham ibn al-hakam and majority of shia, which was schoo...

More and more integration systems use ontologies to solve the problem of semantic heterogeneities between autonomous databases. To automate the integration process, a number of these systems suppose the existence of a shared domain ontology a priori referenced by the local ontologies embedded in the various sources. When the shared ontology evolves over the time, the evolution may concern (i) t...

In this paper, (1) we describe our ongoing work aimed at improving the Eighteenth-Century Collections Online (ECCO) database’s utility as a comprehensive and high-fidelity resource, and (2) we discuss some preliminary experiments based on ECCO.

In this paper we analyze Nordic long-run economic performance and wages by focusing on convergence (or divergence) over time among the Nordic countries and whether they converged toward the economic leaders, such as Europe, UK and USA, in particular time periods. Our first comparative mirror was the development of real GDP per capita from the early 19 century to 2010 – it seems that there was a...