background: the chemical quality of water used for dialysis fluid is a vital factor in the overall care received by dialysis patients. therefore, water used for this purpose should be treated with advanced methods before use for dialysis. the objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of reverse osmosis systems to improve water quality used for dialysis fluid. methods: in this descrip...

We present a method to produce anti-fouling reverse osmosis (RO) membranes that maintains the process and scalability of current RO membrane manufacturing. Utilizing perfluorophenyl azide (PFPA) photochemistry, commercial reverse osmosis membranes were dipped into an aqueous solution containing PFPA-terminated poly(ethyleneglycol) species and then exposed to ultraviolet light under ambient cond...

Photovoltaic based reverse osmosis desalination systems (PV/RO) present an effective method of water desalination especially in remote areas. The increase of the feed water temperature leads to an amelioration of the plant performances. Photovoltaic Thermal Collector (PV/T) represents an ideal power source as it provides both electric and thermal energies for the reverse osmosis process. Nevert...

Forward osmosis (FO) has recently drawn attention as a promising membrane based method for seawater and brackish water desalination. In this study, we focus on the use of calciun chloride (CaCl2) and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) as inorganic salt draw solution candidates due to their appropriate performance in water flux and reverse salt diffusion as well as reasonable cost. The experiments we...

With the increasing installed capacity of desalination, the greenhouse gas emission for generating the required energy to power the desalination plants is also becoming the focus of attention in the world community. Domestic reverse osmosis membranes have been very successful technology especially in the developing world to provide safe drinking water. The novel concept of photovoltaic powered ...

Large-scale desalination plants are complex systems with many inter-disciplinary interactions and different levels of subsystem hierarchy. Advanced complex systems design tools have been shown to have a positive impact on design in aerospace and automotive, but have generally not been used in the design of water systems. This work presents a multi-disciplinary design optimization approach to de...

At low pressure and temperature, water is easily vaporized under partial vacuum pressure. Desalination of seawater as source of potable water is globally considered as an applied reliable technology. At low temperature and pressure, the heat transfer process yield is higher than any normal process. Therefore, the rate of vaporization of seawater is much higher than any usual processes. The part...