Gravitational lensing by large-scale structure induces weak coherent alignments in the shapes of background galaxies. Here we present evidence for the detection of this ‘cosmic shear’ at the 3.4σ significance level with the William Herschel Telescope. Analysis and removal of notable systematic effects, such as shear induced by telescope optics and smearing by tracking and seeing, are conducted ...

This paper presents an analysis of the results of an empirical study conducted to examine the relationship between the estimated and actual sizes of small real-client projects. Estimates of software size are collected at two different points of the software development life cycle – one immediately before rebaselining the project mid-stream and the other immediately after rebaselining. It is fou...

To help identify the strengths of proposed software measurement methods, this paper proposes an analytical approach based on metrology concepts documented in the ISO International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology. This approach is illustrated with a case study using one specific functional size measurement method recognized as an ISO standard: COSMIC-FFP (ISO 19761). The case ...

The Function Scale (FS) method, which measures the size of a software system, was developed by Fujitsu in 2004 and has since been used extensively for software developed mainly for internal use within the Fujitsu Group. Up to now, the Function Point (FP) method has been the de facto standard for software size estimation and has been widely used as a functional size measurement method. Compared ...

Function Point Analysis measures user requested functionality independent of the technology used for implementation. Software applications are represented in an abstract model that contains the items that contribute to the functional size. When Function Point Analysis is applied to object-oriented software, the concepts of the development method have to be mapped into that abstract model. This ...

Agile software development (ASD) methods were introduced as a reaction to traditional software development methods. Principles of these methods are different from traditional methods and so there are some different processes and activities in agile methods comparing to traditional methods. Thus ASD methods require different measurement practices comparing to traditional methods. Agile teams oft...

This paper addresses a multi-stage stochastic integer programming formulation of the uncapacitated lot-sizing problem under uncertainty. We show that the classical (`, S) inequalities for the deterministic lot-sizing polytope are also valid for the stochastic lot-sizing polytope. We then extend the (`, S) inequalities to a general class of valid inequalities, called the (Q, SQ) inequalities, an...

Two methods were used to determine the mean cell diameters of 37 samples of human adipose tissue, obtained by open or needle biopsy. Method I was the sizing of cells in cell suspensions and Method II was a quick, simple method of sizing cells from fixed sections. The agreement between the two methods was good (r = 0.93, P = less than 0.001). The results using Method II were slightly lower than ...