Once the germ theory had become generally accepted within medicine, the importance of experimental science to the improvement of medical practice could no longer be reasonably doubted. However, clinicians still sought to retain control of how knowledge that had originated in the laboratory was interpreted and applied within practical diagnostics and therapeutics. Thus how practitioners incorpor...

Recommendations published by WHO are intended to be scientific and advisory. Each of the following sections constitutes guidance for national regulatory authorities and for the manufacturers of biological products. If a national regulatory authority so desires, these Recommendations may be adopted as definitive national requirements, or modifications may be justified and made by the national re...

One of the most productive ways of investigating the history of Brazilian medical practice at the turn of this century is to focus on the fruitful and ambiguous careers of those physicians that played an important role in the changes affecting the medical field at that time. This paper aims at analyzing the scientific career of physician-anthropologist Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, taking as its con...

Whether the US Constitution guarantees a right to conduct scientific research is a question that has never been squarely addressed by the United States Supreme Court. Similarly, the extent to which the First Amendment protects the right to communicate the results of scientific research is an issue about which there is scant judicial authority. This article suggests that a crucial guidepost for ...

This reinterpretation of Carl Wilhelm Scheele's (1742-86) early life and career analyses the social interplay between Scheele and other chemists who were active in eighteenth-century Sweden. It is argued that Scheele, a rather lowly journeyman working in peripheral pharmacies, had to work hard and traverse several geographical and social boundaries to gain a foothold in the scientific community...

The evidence reveals that young children are targeted by food and beverage advertisers but are unable to comprehend the commercial context and persuasive intent of marketing. Although the First Amendment protects commercial speech, it does not protect deceptive and misleading speech for profit. Marketing directed at children may fall into this category of unprotected speech. Further, children d...

Despite significant progress in the study of the epidemiology and genetics of autism, the etiology and patho-physiology of this condition is far from being elucidated and no curative treatment currently exists. Although solid scientific research continues, in an attempt to find explanations and solutions, a number of nonscientific and pure myths about autism have emerged. Myths that vaccines or...

We model scientific expertise as a mixture of topics and authority. Authority is calculated based on the network properties of each topic network. ThemedPageRank, our combination of LDA-derived topics with PageRank differs from previous models in that topics influence both the bias and transition probabilities of PageRank. It also incorporates the age of documents. Our model is general in that ...

This paper examines a remarkable lawsuit in health care rationing. The Patients Association for Interstitial Cystitis sued the Dutch National Health Care Institute for alleged misconduct against Interstitial Cystitis patients, as the Institute decided that bladder instillations with chondroitin sulphate or hyaluronic acid are no longer covered by the basic health insurance. The patients' organi...

The paper discusses economic policy of Georgia aiming to increase national competitiveness as well as the tools and means which will help to improve the competitiveness of the country. The sectors of the economy, in which the country can achieve the competitive advantage, are studied. It is noted that the country’s economic policy plays an important role in obtaining and maintaining the competi...