The collapse of the savings and loan industry and the failure of large numbers of commercial banks in the 1980s have generated a reexamination of bank regulation in the United States and a new banking act. Despite this increased attention, no consensus about how to reform the banking system has emerged. Instead, proposals range from eliminating deposit insurance and relying solely on market dis...

Credit is a strategic empowerment tool that has the potential to change the life of a person, family or community from a situation of abject poverty to a more dignified life. It can transform self-image, unlock potential and boost the productivity and well-being of the poor and vulnerable, especially farmers. This paper estimates the determinants of credit demand by farmers and supply by Rural ...

This paper provides an account of the origins and structure of the Finnish system of financial regulations which was prevalent in the post-war decades until the deregulation of the 1980s. Despite considerable macroeconomic volatility, the banking sector in Finland was remarkably stable. There were no significant bank failures over this period of more than 40 years, and credit losses were of no ...

This paper analyzes the impact of banking system reform implemented through consolidation (mergers and acquisitions) carried out in Spain to address collapse savings banks. The 2008 global financial crisis triggered a sovereign debt Europe burst real estate bubble Spain, forced government intervention, despite policymakers not yet having developed clear guidance for addressing crises. We theref...

Abstract Real estate price growth affects credit risk for several reasons: it provides input economic forecasts as it’s closely tied to growth; when used collateral by banks, rising real prices may decrease both expected and actual losses; banks become less averse in lending practices the presence of property prices. Therefore, we analyze these effects on loan portfolios’ estimated realized ris...

O ne of the hallmarks of Eugene White’s scholarship is his knack for using detailed historical examples to raise large, thought-provoking questions. “Were Banks Special Intermediaries in Late Nineteenth Century America?” is no exception. White combines case studies of two small financial institutions, the Bank of A. Levy and the Emigrant Savings Bank, with other information on nineteenth-centur...

Economic development is crucially an end product of mobilizing dormant savings into the fragrance of a new life what is commonly called as investment. Banks play a crucial role in this channelization. In an underdeveloped economy like India, there are many traditional avenues of savings (such as gold, land, livestock, real estate, and so on). There may be many motives why people opt for traditi...