one of the influential phenomenal in the post-islamic history of iran is the coming of social groups from outside of its territory in the form of tribes and nomad. it first happened through the immigration of muslim arab tribes who came to iran for jihad. but after the conquest of iran by the muslim arabs and fall of the sassanid political administrative system, lack of central government in th...

the renowned proverb “shāhnāma axarash xoš ast” has implicit question which its answer may change our understanding of the nature and function of shāhnāma. the end of shāhnāma contains numerous tragic events in sassanid age. also it does not seem to be normal if the iranians have deemed the bitter adventure of the shahs and pahlavāns as a happy ending like what firdausi narrates at the end of h...

the vast ancient area of vigol located in the northern part of the city of ?r?n-o-bidgol was identified by the authors of the present article in autumn 2006 and underwent a systematic archeological study as a result of which remnants of the two independent cities were identified with two separate governmental castles. since, apart from the said castles, other urban areas, works of architecture,...

0

diplomacy is an institution as old as the state; and diplomats have always been alongside rulers. for most people, politics and diplomacy is a mysterious realm, full of astonishing rewards. in the common perception, politicians and diplomats were often seen as shrewd, ruthless, planner and sometimes just characters. diplomacy was also considered as a technique which did not comply with fixed ru...

introduction in a series of written texts surviving from the pre-islamic religion, apocalyptic literature has the vital role that deals with the matter of intuition and dreams that some qualified people experienced and also retold them. this revelation is universal and popular with most religions and ethnic groups. since the awareness of metaphysical issues and predicting future events and dist...

nihāyatu’l- irab fi akhbare’l -fors va’l- arab is the name of a book whose author(s) and the authoring time are uncertain. in compiling this book, authors such as ’amer sha’bi , ayyoub ibn-i gherriyah, abdullah ibn-i moghafa’, asma’i and ab ol-bakhtary have contributed. there are three different speculations concerning the time of authorship: 1) 75 a.h. 2) before the year 142 a.h. 3) around 170...

archaeological researches indicate that the use of silver was common in various practices; there were numerous mints for silver coinage across sassanid persia (circa 620 ad) indicating that persians were familiar with silver mining and its refining process. medical practice also benefited from that expertise, and in the course of the following centuries new forms of utilizing silver began to em...