Our goal was to determine whether chlorpyrifos oxon, dichlorvos, diisopropylXuorophosphate (DFP), and sarin covalently bind tohuman albumin. Human albumin or plasma was treated with organophosphorus (OP) agent at alkaline pH, digested with pepsin at pH2.3, and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-Xight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Two singly chargedpeaks...

A nanoenabled gravimetric chemical sensor prototype based on the large scale integration of single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA) decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as nanofunctionalization layer for aluminum nitride contour-mode resonant microelectromechanical (MEM) gravimetric sensors has been demonstrated. The capability of two distinct single strands of DNA bound to SWNTs to enhance di...

A rapid and simple organic extraction method for the determination of the chemical warfare agent, isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin, GB) in human plasma has been developed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). In the course of method development, several organic solvents have been screened and chloroform show a low background and increase signal to noise ratio o...

In the last decades, Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats have become serious risks prompting countries to prioritize preparedness for such incidents. As CBRN scenarios are very difficult expensive recreate in real life, computer simulation is particularly suited assessing effectiveness of contingency plans identifying areas improvement. These exercises require realisti...

The Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) was the first modern in which chemical weapons were used. purpose of this work is to summarize experience treating victims, affected by nerve agents. publications Iranian authors different scientific journals used for preparation article. use Iraqi army occurred August 1983 Kurdistan (sulfur mustard). Nerve agent (tabun) on February 29, 1984 battles Majnun Islands....

The current treatment regimen for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication depends on the ability of oximes to rapidly reactivate nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. We have studied the capability of the tertiary oximes monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) and diacetylmonoxime (DAM), in comparison with the quaternary oximes 2-PAM, HLö7 and MMB-4, to reactivate AChE inhibited by...

A new method was developed to detect sarin hydrolysis products from erythrocytes of four victims of sarin (isopropylmethylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning resulting from the terrorist attack on the Tokyo subway. Sarin-bound acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was solubilized from erythrocyte membranes of sarin victims, digested with trypsin, the sarin hydrolysis products bound to AChE were released by al...

A structure-activity analysis was used to evaluate the variation in oxime efficacy of 2-PAM, obidoxime, HI-6 and ICD585 against nerve agents. In vivo oxime protection and in vitro oxime reactivation were used as indicators of oxime efficacy against VX, sarin, VR and cyclosarin. Analysis of in vivo oxime protection was conducted with oxime protective ratios (PR) from guinea pigs receiving oxime ...

Organophosphorus nerve agents irreversibly inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to excessive cholinergic neurotransmission and causing toxic lethal consequences. Current nerve agent therapies in the U.S. include 2-pralidoxime to reactivate inhibited AChE. Due to its quaternary structure, this oxime does not readily cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) to reactivate brain AChE ...