Shortages of input materials and components used in the production process often adversely influence sales of manufacturing firms. Manufacturers can guarantee delivery of the inputs by initiating capacity reservation arrangements with their suppliers. We study a multi-period capacity reservation contract between a manufacturer and a long-term supplier when there is uncertainty about the quantit...

Motivated by the influenza vaccine industry, we study a supply chain contracting problem under the presence of uncertainties that are related to product design, delivery, and demand, respectively. The supply chain consists of a manufacturer and a retailer, where the retailer places an order before the flu season starts and the manufacturer decides on when to produce the products. Because produc...

one of the requirements mentioned in islamic jurisprudence for the subject-matter of the contract is its being free from other’s rights, and in view of this requirement, sale of such things as pledge and vaqf (property that is religious endowment) is forbidden. there is disagreement whether this requirement is an independent term or is deduced from preclusion of such sales. iranian civil code d...

the principle of freedom of contract is conceptually narrower than the will theory and as such it does not deny the state the right to put limits on contracts between individuals. on this ground some measures have been taking to strike a balance between the interests of the consumers and the producers. among these measures are the compulsory sales to consumers in the case law and on the basis o...

The existing literature on channel coordination typically models markets where used goods are not sold, or are sold outside the standard channel. However, retailers routinely sell used goods for a profit in markets like textbooks. Further, such markets are characterized by a renewable consumer population over time, rather than the static consumer population often assumed in prior literature. We...

W study a channel relationship in which manufacturer(s) use independent sales representatives (rep firms), which employ salespeople to do the actual selling. We show that commission-only payments by manufacturers to rep firms lead to suboptimal outcomes for the manufacturer relative to those obtained under a vertically integrated channel. From the manufacturer’s standpoint, these inefficiencies...

This paper examines the effects of emissions trading on firms’ capacity siting choices in the electric sector, considering three programs that are different by their point-of-regulation: source-, load and first-jurisdictional-deliverer approaches. We model each program by assuming electricity sales are through bilateral contracts, and analyze the solutions properties and economic and emissions ...

Abstract In the Egyptian–Greek legal practice “fictitious loan agreements” are known as specific constructions of deferred purchase contracts ancient practice. While Roman law is well from its consensual contracts, such sales contract ( emptio venditio ), furthermore it acknowledged with payment valid sale, Greek always adhered to prompt sale and besides this, only additional solutions were app...

Article history: Received 26 March 2014 Received in revised form 11 October 2014 Accepted 14 October 2014 Available online 24 October 2014 This paper revisits the endogenous choice problemof the strategic contracts in amixed duopoly of one public firm and one managerial private firm, with differentiated goods. This paper considers the situation wherein the separation between ownership and manag...