B lack pepper from the Piper nigrum L. vine (Figure 1) is the most commonly used spice worldwide, and its extracts have been used as a folk medicine in a variety of cultures. Piper nigrum is used for the production of both black pepper (from the unripened fruit) and white pepper (from the dehulled mature berry). In ancient Sanskrit literature, black pepper use for medicinal purposes was documen...

Aphis gossypii Glover is one of the most important pests of greenhouse cucumber and pepper in the world and Iran. In this research, life table and biology of A. gossypii were investigated on cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Super Sultan) and pepper (Capsicum annum cv. Marqueza) in a growth chamber at 25±1°C and 60±5% RH and a photoperiod of 14 L: 10 D hour. The results showed that developmental ti...

Four pepper genotypes classified as resistant and four pepper genotypes classified as susceptible to several avirulent populations of M. incognita were compared for their reactions against a population of Meloidogyne incognita (Chitwood) Kofoid and White which had been shown to be virulent to resistant bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) in preliminary tests. The virulent population of M. incognita o...

background: the criteria for the quality control of iranian fresh produce are the total microbial count, enterococcal count and the detection of escherichia coli. the aim of this study was to assess microbial contamination of fresh vegetable and salad samples consumed in tehran, iran. methods: from may to october 2013, freshly vegetable (n=100) and salads (n=100) samples were randomly collected...

Dietary red pepper suppresses energy intake and modifies macronutrient intake. We have investigated whether a stimulus in the mouth and the sensation of spiciness are necessary for red pepper-induced changes in energy and macronutrient intake in human volunteers. In a preliminary test, sixteen Japanese male volunteers tasted samples of a soup with graded doses of red pepper in order to define a...

An issue that needs to be addressed is how to harvest and process peppers in order to obtain the highest capsaicin extraction for use in non-food applications. This study was undertaken to investigate this issue using jalapeño peppers as the test material. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cultivar, fruit color, harvest sequence, and drying parameters (pod physical c...

Multi-Word Expressions Mean Ratings Modifier Head Ahorn|blatt ‘maple leaf’ maple leaf 5.64 5.71 Blatt|salat ‘green salad’ leaf salad 3.56 5.68 See|zunge ‘sole’ sea tongue 3.57 3.27 Löwen|zahn ‘dandelion’ lion tooth 2.10 2.23 Fliegen|pilz ‘toadstool’ fly/bow tie mushroom 1.93 6.55 Fleisch|wolf ‘meat chopper’ meat wolf 6.00 1.90 an|leuchten ‘illuminate’ anPRT illuminate – 5.95 auf|horchen ‘listen...

Obesity remains a serious health concern throughout the United States and the world (Cecchini et al. 2010). Validated strategies for achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight include (A) exercising vigorously (Jakicic et al. 2001), (B) preparing meals at home rather than eating in restaurants (Bezerra et al. 2012), and (C) consuming lots of fruits and vegetables (Rolls et al. 2004). To ou...

CONTEXT This large outbreak of foodborne disease highlights the challenge of investigating outbreaks caused by intentional contamination and demonstrates the vulnerability of self-service foods to intentional contamination. OBJECTIVE To investigate a large community outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections. DESIGN Epidemiologic investigation of patients with Salmonella gastroenteritis ...

Background and Objectives: Non-sanitary conditions during the drying, transport and storage stages in the production of spices could introduce mycotoxin contamination. The aim of the current study was to determine the concentration of ochratoxin A (OTA) in 92 commercial spices (including red pepper, black pepper, turmeric and cinnamon) imported to Iran. Materials and Methods: OTA levels were...