rural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. however, the rural economy in iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by iranian rural communities. therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable develo...

human settlements experience continual change. in recent years, many rural areas have experienced dispersed grow (rural sprawl) and population declines in traditional village centers (hollowing). these paradoxical phenomena have occurred in most developing countries, including rural iran. this study examines this phenomena in three iranian villages of kahak area of qom province, and develops a ...

Mass rural-urban migration and population aging are occurring simultaneously at a rapid speed in contemporary China. Tens of millions of rural young laborers have been migrating to urban areas to meet the demand for cheap labor, whereas large numbers of elderly parents (the Chinese baby boomers) are left behind in the impoverished villages. Consequently, adult children are becoming more and mor...

BACKGROUND Food security has deteriorated for many people in developing regions facing high and volatile food prices. Without effective and equitable responses, the situation is likely to worsen due to diminishing access to land and water, competition from non-food uses of agricultural products, and the effects of climate change and variability. Understanding how this will affect the burden and...

The Impact of Rural-Urban Migration on the Health of the Left-behind Parents* Since the reform and opening up in 1978, China has begun a period of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Along with an increasing number of rural people migrating to urban area for jobs, there are a considerable number of elderly parents left behind in the rural area. The impact of migration of the adult childre...

BACKGROUND Manifest socio-economic differences are a trigger for internal migration in many sub-Saharan settings including Kenya. An interplay of the social, political and economic factors often lead to internal migration. Internal migration potentially has significant consequences on an individual's economic growth and on access to health services, however, there has been little research on th...

The World Health Organisation estimates there are approximately 3 million cases of needlestick injury (NSI) in healthcare workers (HCW) each year, with 90% of these occurring in developing countries 1 . Student nurses are thought to be at high risk of NSI due to poor technique, inexperience and poor use of universal precautions 2 . There has been little research into the incidence of NSI in Afr...

Faculty in Canadian undergraduate nursing programs have come to rely on preceptorship as the primary model for teaching and learning during the final clinical course. A focused ethnography was completed in order to examine undergraduate nursing students' experience of rural hospital preceptorship in western Canada. Data analysis revealed that students perceive nursing faculty involvement and su...