Ligand-stimulated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are phosphorylated/ubiquitinated, endocytosed and transported to the lysosomes via endosomes/multivesicular bodies, resulting in the attenuation of signal transmission. If this physiological mechanism of RTK signal downregulation is perturbed, signal transduction persists and may contribute to cellular transformation. This article presents seve...

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their downstream signalling pathways have long been hypothesized to play key roles in melanoma development. A decade ago, evidence was derived largely from animal models, RTK expression studies and detection of activated RAS isoforms in a small fraction of melanomas. Predictions that overexpression of specific RTKs implied increased kinase activity and that ...

Though accelerometers have been used to monitor the deformation/deflection of large structures after they are built, relative displacements between different parts of the structure during severe weather conditions cannot be measured accurately due to the lower band limit of accelerometers. Therefore, the current design of large structures can only be termed as being of a "partially closed-loop ...

Tumors with mutant BRAF and those with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation have similar levels of phosphorylated ERK, but only the former depend on ERK signaling for proliferation. The mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK-dependent transcriptional output was defined as the genes whose expression changes significantly 8 h after MEK inhibi...

Emerging evidence suggests the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) to be an important mediator of tumor-cell survival and resistance to cytotoxic therapy in multiple myeloma (MM). Recently, members of the cyclolignan family have been shown to selectively inhibit the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity of the IGF-1R beta-chain. The effects of the cyclolignan picropodophyllin (PPP)...

When surveying a large target area with real-time kinematic unmanned aerial vehicle (RTK-UAV), the RTK signal tends to be disconnected when city canyons or macrocells are included. Thus, accuracy is reduced due lack of fact that not available in certain areas. The methods solve this problem costly. Therefore, we used one GCP and performed post-process kinematics (PPK) verify whether reduction c...

Much local government has been using large scale digital maps with Geographic Information System (GIS). However, the updating method of a map is not established yet. The purpose of this study is the real-time renewal of the digital map for local government by collaboration of REAR TIME GIS and spatial data. In this study, spatial data means Remote Sensing imageries and Real-time Kinematic Globa...

Animal development requires that positional information act on the genome to control cell fate and cell shape. The primary determinant of animal cell shape is the cytoskeleton and thus the mechanisms by which extracellular signals influence the cytoskeleton are crucial for morphogenesis. In the developing Drosophila compound eye, localized polymerization of actin functions to constrict the apic...

Signaling by DER, the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is essential for proper migration and survival of midline glial cells (MGCs) in the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) [1-4]. We recently isolated a gene called split ends (spen) in a screen designed to identify new components of the RTK/Ras pathway [5]. Drosophila Spen and its orthologs are characteriz...