During spinal cord development, commissural neurons extend their axons ventrally, away from the roof plate. The roof plate is the source of a diffusible repellent that orients commissural axons in vitro and, thus, may regulate the trajectory of commissural axons in vivo. Of three Bmps expressed in the roof plate, BMP7, but not BMP6 or GDF7, mimics the roof plate activity in vitro. We show here ...

Collapse of roof could cause severe economic loss and poses safety risk to residents in the building. This paper presents a nonlinear dynamic analysis of steel framed roof structures with force limiting devices under combined static and transient wind loading. Two types of force limiting devices – one with selfcentering behavior and the other exhibiting bilinear-like hysteresis are examined for...

This study determined that knee extension (range, -30 degrees to 2 degrees) and the slope of the intercondylar roof (range, 26 degrees to 46 degrees) vary widely between knees in both men and women. We found a weak relationship between knee extension and the slope of the intercondylar roof (r2 = 0.207); therefore, roof angle cannot be predicted by clinically measuring knee extension. CLINICAL R...

Contact between an anterior cruciate ligament graft and the intercondylar roof has been termed roof impingement. Grafts with impingement sustain permanent damage, and if the injury is extensive enough, then the graft may fail, causing recurrent instability. This study evaluated two mechanical factors that could be responsible for the graft injury associated with roof impingement: an increase in...

Remotely sensed images with a pixel size of about 1 m can nowadays be acquired by airborne scanners and in the near future also by high resolution satellites. With such a high spatial resolution, remotely sensed data of urban areas can resolve structures like a roof into the different surface segments with different inclinations, e.g. in the case of a gabled roof. We have measured the BRDF (Bid...

Gable roof buildings are widely used in industrial buildings. Based on wind tunnel tests with rigid models, wind pressure distributions on gable roof buildings with different aspect ratios were measured simultaneously. Some characteristics of the measured wind pressure field on the surfaces of the models were analyzed, including mean wind pressure, fluctuating wind pressure, peak negative wind ...

OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate a new method for validation of complete linear block at the left atrial (LA) roof. BACKGROUND Linear lesions at the LA roof have been reported to improve the success rate of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS Complete linear block at the LA roof was evaluated in 31 patients after complete isolation of pulmonary vein antrum (P...

Climate change may considerably impact the carbon (C) dynamics and C stocks of forest soils. To assess the combined effects of warming and reduced precipitation on soil CO2 efflux, we conducted a two-way factorial manipulation experiment (4 °C soil warming + throughfall exclusion) in a temperate spruce forest from 2008 until 2010. Soil was warmed by heating cables throughout the growing seasons...

Loss of natural soil and vegetation within the urban environment can significantly affect the hydrologic cycle by increasing storm water runoff rates and volumes. In order to mitigate these modifications in urban areas engineered systems are developed, such as green roofs, to mimic and replace functions (evapo-transpiration, infiltration, percolation) which have been altered due to the impact o...

Since the weight of overburden is sustained by both the backfill body and the unmined solid coal in coal mining with compacted backfilling (CMCB) panels, the stress and deformation characteristics of the surrounding rocks in coal mining are radically changed. The overburden movement control mechanism by coordinating with backfill body and shield in CMCB was studied systematically in this paper....