It is common but perhaps misguided to provide extensibility for a layer X header in the layer X header. Strawman principle: In a middlebox world, it is both more principled and more pragmatic to extend the layer X header within layer X + 1 (i.e. within the payload encapsulated by the layer X header). For instance, extensions to the IP header should not be located in a chain of extensions to the...

Wireless multi–hop networks are becoming more popular and the demand for multimedia services in these networks rises with the number of their implementations. Header compression schemes that compress the IP/UDP/RTP headers to save bandwidth for multimedia streams were typically evaluated only for individual links, not taking into account the savings that can be achieved using header compression...

Voice over IP (VoIP) typically uses the encapsulation voice/RTP/UDP/IP. When MPLS labels are added, this becomes voice/RTP/UDP/IP/MPLS-labels. For an MPLS VPN, the packet header is typically 48 bytes, while the voice payload is often no more than 30 bytes, for example. Header compression can significantly reduce the overhead through various compression mechanisms, such as enhanced compressed RT...

Header and footer are important in digital investigation for JPEG file detection as only 16% of files are fragmented. The use of efficient algorithm to detect them is vital to reduce time taken for analyzing ever increasing data in hard drive or physical memory. Even though there are few applications developed for file carving that rely on header and footer e.g. Foremost, Scalpel; however the a...

In this paper we present a modification of a typical turbo code to allow for the header bits to be decoded much faster than the other bits. This gives the decoder a possibility to discard data packets not addressed to it, and saves time and power since fewer iterations need to be performed to reliably decode the header. The proposed algorithm frequently terminates the first trellis of the turbo...

The quality and durability of asphalted roads strongly depends on the final step in the road construction process; the profiling and compaction of the fresh spread asphalt. During compaction machine operators continuously make decisions on how to proceed with the compaction accounting for projectspecific aspects as: ambient conditions, road geometry, roller type, asphalt mixture characteristics...

After an emergency call is completed (terminated either prematurely by the emergency caller or normally by the call taker), the call taker may feel the need for further communication. For example, the call may have been dropped by accident without the call taker having sufficient information about the current state of an accident victim. A call taker may trigger a callback to the emergency call...

This document defines the HTTP Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields. These header fields can be used by HTTP servers to store state (called cookies) at HTTP user agents, letting the servers maintain a stateful session over the mostly stateless HTTP protocol. Although cookies have many historical infelicities that degrade their security and privacy, the Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields are wid...