There are some different viewpoints on the verse 41 in chapter Anfal of the Holy Quran that it is necessary to have one fifth of spoil to different incomes. The main reasons for these different viewpoints are the interest meaning of ‘spoil’. Not only referring to dictionaries, but also linguistic principles have not an effect on determine the meaning of ‘spoil’ in (8: 41...

Geographically dispersed sellers in electronic reverse-marketplaces such as those hosted by Freemarkets are uncertain both about the number of opponents participating and their coststructure in any given market session. Over the course of several market sessions, they learn about the competitive structure of their market. How sellers learn to reduce the level of uncertainty is dependent on the ...

Thanks to the work of scholars such as Ulrich Luz and Dale C. Allison, Jr., Wirkungsgeschichte (usually rendered into English as “reception history”) has come to be regarded as a necessary part of biblical scholarship.1 Recent years have seen the publication of a volume on Revelation in the Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture series, as well as of a book, authored by Judith Kovacs and Chr...

the problem states the prophet ( pbuh ) during the descent of the quran and revelation of important issues is in the field of quran because the book is narrative and interpretive communities numerous traditions that are sometimes astfazh reported.sunni dominant narratives have reported and all of them are divided into six categories :1 fear the prophet ( pbuh ) during the descent of the quran 2...

There is a large literature aimed at characterizing the social choice functions that can be implemented in Bayes Nash equilibria. This literature typically takes agents’information as exogenously given and …xed throughout the analysis. While for some problems this may be appropriate, the assumption is problematic for others. A typical analysis, relying on the revelation principle, maximizes som...

In trials witnesses often slant their testimony to advance their interests. To obtain truthful testimony, courts rely on perjury rules. We show that truth-revelation is possible and that perjury rules are not truth-revealing. If the judge uses a truth-revealing mechanism, he will get little testimony because the defendant will not present a witness with unfavorable news; however, testimony is o...

Classic direct mechanisms require full utility revelation from agents, which can be very difficult in practical multi-attribute settings. In this work, we study partial revelation within the framework of one-shot mechanisms. Each agent’s type space is partitioned into a finite set of partial types and agents (should) report the partial type within which their full type lies. A classic result im...

We study decidability of a logic for describing processes with restricted names. We choose a minimal fragment of the Ambient Logic, but the techniques we present should apply to every logic which uses Cardelli and Gordon revelation and hiding operators, and Gabbay and Pitts freshness quantifier. We start from the static fragment of ambient logic that Calcagno, Cardelli and Gordon proved to be d...