Preheating local anesthetic agents used for retrobulbar and facial nerve injection greatly decreases patient discomfort.

AIM To assess the effects of acute orbital volume changes after retrobulbar injection on optic nerve head topography. METHODS The study population consisted of 95 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with clinically significant macular oedema who required focal pattern laser photocoagulation therapy in one eye. Before each laser treatment, 49 patients required a retrobulbar injection (appro...

62 years old male patient who presented blunt trauma in his right eye with subsequent orbital fracture type impure blow-out required open reduction of the facial fracture, at second postoperative day a retrobulbar hematoma need for surgical intervention urgency.

Progression in phacoemulsification techniques for cataract surgery[1-4] has also led to inevitable changes in the delivery of accompanying anesthesia from general to local modalities [5-7] i.e. retrobulbar, peribulbar, Sub-Tenon and topical anesthesia. General anesthesia is preferred for complicated intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) surgery as this technique involves significant manipula...