Environmental stresses produce physical and/or chemical damage in cells. Commonly, we accept that an affected cell may either die or repair the damage. Over the past few years a much more elaborate type of response to environmental stress has been elucidated. A common feature of the new type of response is the synthesis of new macromolecules and the subsequent change in behavior that could at l...

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was recognition of the opinions of adolescents completing secondary schools concerning genetically modified organisms and genetically modified food, especially the respondents' emotional attitude towards scientific achievements in the area of live genetically modified organisms. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study covered a group of 500 school adolescents comple...

HYPERACUTE REJEcrION of human renal allografts in ABO compatible cases was first reported by TerasakU Kissmeyer-Nielson,~ Williams,3 and Starzl-l have further documented this problem, which has now been encountered in many active-transplant centers. Hyperacute rejection is initiated by preformed antidonor antibodies and may result in the destruction of the transplant within minutes of vasculari...

Aberrantly glycosylated tumor antigens represent promising targets for the development of anti-cancer vaccines, yet how glycans influence immune responses is poorly understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that GalNAc-glycosylation enhances antigen uptake by dendritic cells as well as CD4+ T-cell and humoral responses, but prevents CD8+ T-cell activation. Here, we briefly discuss the releva...

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that defines the cellular fate of intracellular proteins. It can modify their stability, their activity, their subcellular location, and even their interacting pattern. This modification is a reversible event whose implementation is easy and fast. It contributes to the rapid adaptation of the cells to physiological intracellular variations and...

Despite rapid progress in characterizing transcription factor-driven reprogramming of somatic cells to an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state, many mechanistic questions still remain. To gain insight into the earliest events in the reprogramming process, we systematically analyzed the transcriptional and epigenetic changes that occur during early factor induction after discrete numbers o...

tannase has several important applications in food, feed, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. in the present study, production of tannase by mutant strain, penicillium sp. ez-zh390, was optimized in submerged fermentation utilizing two statistical approaches. at first step, a one factor at a time design was employed to screen the preferable nutriments (carbon and nitrogen sources of the med...